.-3 Contents

Contents

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

FOREWORD CHAPTER 1THE MYSTERY OF THE ICE AGE Requirements for an Ice Age Inadequacy of a Uniformitarian Ice Age Possible solutions to the Difficulty A Multitude of Theories Revival of the Astronomical Theory What About Climate Simulations? A New Paradigm Needed CHAPTER 2CAUSE OF THE ICE AGE The Flood Catastrophe The Vapor Canopy Fountains of the Great Deep Draining of the Flood Waters

Summary CHAPTER 3BEGINNING OF THE ICE AGE Volcanic Dust and Aerosols Snow-Cover Cooling

Barren Land

More Cloudiness

Carbon Dioxide

Storm Tracks

Snowblitz Early Distribution of Snow and Ice CHAPTER 4PROGRESSION OF THE ICE AGE Volcanic Reinforcement Post-Flood Ocean Circulation Warm Ice-Free Arctic Ocean Expansion of Snow and Ice Pluvial Lakes and Well-Watered Deserts Disharmonious Associations

Land Bridges The Woolly Mammoth CHAPTER 5GLACIAL MAXIMUM Time to Reach Glacial Maximum Average Post-Flood Ice Depth Ancient Ice Sheet Thickness CHAPTER 6DEGLACIATION The Big Chill Rapid Melting of Ice Sheets Alluvial Terraces and Underfit Streams Massive Extinction of Megafauna Woolly Mammoth Extinction in Siberia and Alaska CHAPTER 7ONE ICE AGE, OR MANY?

Early Debate on the Number of Glaciations Glacial Sediments Complex The Alpine Model and the Reinforcement Syndrome Evidence for One Ice Age The Basis for Interglacials Interglacial Soils Soil Stratigraphy One Dynamic Ice Age CHAPTER 8HOW LONG AGO?

Most Glacial Features Altered Little Estimated Time, Based on Erosion Eustasy and Isostasy Origin of Biogenic Sediments CHAPTER 9CONCLUDING REMARKS

Summary Further Research

Implications APPENDIX 1DERIVATION OF TIME FOR GLACIAL MAXIMUM

Oceanic Cooling Radiation Balance at Top of Atmosphere Poleward Heat Transport APPENDIX 2DERIVATION OF AVERAGE ICE DEPTH High and Mid-Latitude Evaporation Moisture Transport from Lower Latitudes Ice Depth Estimates APPENDIX 3DERIVATION OF ICE MELTING TIME

BIBLIOGRAPHY