Leviticus 11:4

Leviticus 11:4 in Multiple Translations

Berean Standard Bible BSB

But of those that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, you are not to eat the following: The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

King James Version KJV

Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.

American Standard Version ASV

Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that part the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

Bible in Basic English BBE

But, at the same time, of those beasts, you may not take for food the camel, because its food comes back but the horn of its foot is not parted in two; it is unclean to you.

Free Bible Version FBV

However, if it either chews the cud, or has a divided hoof, then you may not eat it. These include: the camel, which though it chews the cud doesn't have a divided hoof, so it is unclean for you.

Geneva Bible 1599 GNV

But of them that chewe the cud, or deuide the hoofe onely, of them yee shall not eate: as the camel, because he cheweth the cud, and deuideth not ye hoofe, he shall be vncleane vnto you.

Young's Literal Translation YLT

'Only, this ye do not eat — of those bringing up the cud, and of those dividing the hoof — the camel, though it is bringing up the cud, yet the hoof not dividing — it [is] unclean to you;

World English Bible WEB

“‘Nevertheless these you shall not eat of those that chew the cud, or of those who part the hoof: the camel, because it chews the cud but doesn’t have a parted hoof, is unclean to you.

Noah Webster Bible WBS

Nevertheless, these shall ye not eat, of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean to you.

Douay-Rheims 1899 DRV

But whatsoever cheweth indeed the cud, and hath a hoof, but divideth it not, as the camel, and others, that you shall not eat, but shall reckon it among the unclean.

Translation for Translators T4T

There are some animals that chew their cuds but do not have split hooves, and some animals that have split hooves but do not chew their cuds. You must not eat any of those animals. For example, camels chew their cuds but do not have split hooves, so they are unacceptable for you to eat.

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Berean Amplified Bible — Leviticus 11:4

BAB

Word Study

Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.

Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.

Leviticus 11:4 Interlinear (Deep Study)

BIB

HEB אַ֤ךְ אֶת זֶה֙ לֹ֣א תֹֽאכְל֔וּ מִֽ/מַּעֲלֵי֙ הַ/גֵּרָ֔ה וּ/מִ/מַּפְרִיסֵ֖י הַ/פַּרְסָ֑ה אֶֽת הַ֠/גָּמָל כִּֽי מַעֲלֵ֨ה גֵרָ֜ה ה֗וּא וּ/פַרְסָה֙ אֵינֶ֣/נּוּ מַפְרִ֔יס טָמֵ֥א ה֖וּא לָ/כֶֽם

אַ֤ךְ ʼak H389 surely DirObjM

אֶת ʼêth H853 Obj. DirObjM

זֶה֙ zeh H2088 this Pron

לֹ֣א lôʼ H3808 not Part

תֹֽאכְל֔וּ ʼâkal H398 to eat V-Qal-Imperf-2mp

מִֽ/מַּעֲלֵי֙ ʻâlâh H5927 to ascend Prep | V-Hiphil

הַ/גֵּרָ֔ה gêrâh H1625 cud Art | N-fs

וּ/מִ/מַּפְרִיסֵ֖י pâraç H6536 to divide Conj | Prep | V-Hiphil

הַ/פַּרְסָ֑ה parçâh H6541 hoof Art | N-fs

אֶֽת ʼêth H853 Obj. DirObjM

הַ֠/גָּמָל gâmâl H1581 camel Art | N-ms

כִּֽי kîy H3588 for Conj

מַעֲלֵ֨ה ʻâlâh H5927 to ascend V-Hiphil

גֵרָ֜ה gêrâh H1625 cud N-fs

ה֗וּא hûwʼ H1931 he/she/it Pron

וּ/פַרְסָה֙ parçâh H6541 hoof Conj | N-fs

אֵינֶ֣/נּוּ ʼayin H369 nothing Part | Suff

מַפְרִ֔יס pâraç H6536 to divide V-Hiphil

טָמֵ֥א ṭâmêʼ H2931 unclean Adj

ה֖וּא hûwʼ H1931 he/she/it Pron

לָ/כֶֽם Prep | Suff

Hebrew Word Study

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Hebrew Word Reference — Leviticus 11:4

אַ֤ךְ ʼak H389 "surely" DirObjM

This Hebrew word is used to emphasize something, like saying 'surely' or 'certainly'. It can also be used to limit or restrict something, like saying 'only' or 'but'.

Definition: 1) indeed, surely (emphatic) 2) howbeit, only, but, yet (restrictive)

Usage: Occurs in 157 OT verses. KJV: also, in any wise, at least, but, certainly, even, howbeit, nevertheless, notwithstanding, only, save, surely, of a surety, truly, verily, [phrase] wherefore, yet (but). See also: Genesis 7:23; 2 Kings 23:35; Psalms 23:6.

אֶת ʼêth H853 "Obj." DirObjM

In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.

Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.

זֶה֙ zeh H2088 "this" Pron

This word is a pronoun meaning this or that, used to point out a specific person or thing. It appears in many contexts, including Genesis and Psalms, to indicate something specific. The KJV translates it as he, here, or it.

Definition: 1) this, this one, here, which, this...that, the one...the other, another, such 1a) (alone) 1a1) this one 1a2) this...that, the one...the other, another 1b) (appos to subst) 1b1) this 1c) (as predicate) 1c1) this, such 1d) (enclitically) 1d1) then 1d2) who, whom 1d3) how now, what now 1d4) what now 1d5) wherefore now 1d6) behold here 1d7) just now 1d8) now, now already 1e) (poetry) 1e1) wherein, which, those who 1f) (with prefixes) 1f1) in this (place) here, then 1f2) on these conditions, herewith, thus provided, by, through this, for this cause, in this matter 1f3) thus and thus 1f4) as follows, things such as these, accordingly, to that effect, in like manner, thus and thus 1f5) from here, hence, on one side...on the other side 1f6) on this account 1f7) in spite of this, which, whence, how

Usage: Occurs in 1061 OT verses. KJV: he, [idiom] hence, [idiom] here, it(-self), [idiom] now, [idiom] of him, the one...the other, [idiom] than the other, ([idiom] out of) the (self) same, such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on that side, [idiom] thus, very, which. Compare H2063 (זֹאת), H2090 (זֹה), H2097 (זוֹ), H2098 (זוּ). See also: Genesis 5:1; Exodus 10:17; Numbers 14:16.

לֹ֣א lôʼ H3808 "not" Part

The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.

Definition: 1) not, no 1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition) 1b) not (with modifier-negation) 1c) nothing (subst) 1d) without (with particle) 1e) before (of time) Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Usage: Occurs in 3967 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without. See also: Genesis 2:5; Genesis 31:15; Exodus 4:9.

תֹֽאכְל֔וּ ʼâkal H398 "to eat" V-Qal-Imperf-2mp

This word means to eat or devour, and it's used in many stories, including when Jesus fed the 5000 with fish and bread in the book of Matthew. It's about taking in nourishment and being satisfied.

Definition: 1) to eat, devour, burn up, feed 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to eat (human subject) 1a2) to eat, devour (of beasts and birds) 1a3) to devour, consume (of fire) 1a4) to devour, slay (of sword) 1a5) to devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subjects - ie, pestilence, drought) 1a6) to devour (of oppression) 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be eaten (by men) 1b2) to be devoured, consumed (of fire) 1b3) to be wasted, destroyed (of flesh) 1c) (Pual) 1c1) to cause to eat, feed with 1c2) to cause to devour 1d) (Hiphil) 1d1) to feed 1d2) to cause to eat 1e) (Piel) 1e1) consume Aramaic equivalent: a.khal (אֲכַל "to devour" H0399)

Usage: Occurs in 703 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] at all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up), feed (with), food, [idiom] freely, [idiom] in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay) meat, [idiom] quite. See also: Genesis 2:16; Leviticus 6:9; Numbers 24:8.

מִֽ/מַּעֲלֵי֙ ʻâlâh H5927 "to ascend" Prep | V-Hiphil

To ascend means to go up or rise, like the smoke from an altar going up to God, as described in many Bible passages, including Leviticus and Psalms.

Definition: : rise/go 1) to go up, ascend, climb 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to go up, ascend 1a2) to meet, visit, follow, depart, withdraw, retreat 1a3) to go up, come up (of animals) 1a4) to spring up, grow, shoot forth (of vegetation) 1a5) to go up, go up over, rise (of natural phenomenon) 1a6) to come up (before God) 1a7) to go up, go up over, extend (of boundary) 1a8) to excel, be superior to 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be taken up, be brought up, be taken away 1b2) to take oneself away 1b3) to be exalted 1c) (Hiphil) 1c1) to bring up, cause to ascend or climb, cause to go up 1c2) to bring up, bring against, take away 1c3) to bring up, draw up, train 1c4) to cause to ascend 1c5) to rouse, stir up (mentally) 1c6) to offer, bring up (of gifts) 1c7) to exalt 1c8) to cause to ascend, offer 1d) (Hophal) 1d1) to be carried away, be led up 1d2) to be taken up into, be inserted in 1d3) to be offered 1e) (Hithpael) to lift oneself

Usage: Occurs in 817 OT verses. KJV: arise (up), (cause to) ascend up, at once, break (the day) (up), bring (up), (cause to) burn, carry up, cast up, [phrase] shew, climb (up), (cause to, make to) come (up), cut off, dawn, depart, exalt, excel, fall, fetch up, get up, (make to) go (away, up); grow (over) increase, lay, leap, levy, lift (self) up, light, (make) up, [idiom] mention, mount up, offer, make to pay, [phrase] perfect, prefer, put (on), raise, recover, restore, (make to) rise (up), scale, set (up), shoot forth (up), (begin to) spring (up), stir up, take away (up), work. See also: Genesis 2:6; Exodus 34:4; Joshua 7:6.

הַ/גֵּרָ֔ה gêrâh H1625 "cud" Art | N-fs

The cud is the food that animals like cows regurgitate and chew on, scraping their throat in the process. This word is used in the Bible to describe the eating habits of certain animals, like goats and sheep. The KJV translates it simply as 'cud'.

Definition: cud

Usage: Occurs in 9 OT verses. KJV: cud. See also: Leviticus 11:3; Leviticus 11:7; Deuteronomy 14:8.

וּ/מִ/מַּפְרִיסֵ֖י pâraç H6536 "to divide" Conj | Prep | V-Hiphil

In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to break or divide something into parts, like splitting wood or distributing food. It is used in various contexts, including when God divides the Red Sea in Exodus. This word is about separating or sharing things.

Definition: 1) to divide, break in two 1a) (Qal) to break, break up 1b) (Hiphil) to be divided (of hoofs) Aramaic equivalent: pe.ras (פְּרַס "to divide" H6537A)

Usage: Occurs in 12 OT verses. KJV: deal, divide, have hoofs, part, tear. See also: Leviticus 11:3; Deuteronomy 14:6; Psalms 69:32.

הַ/פַּרְסָ֑ה parçâh H6541 "hoof" Art | N-fs

A claw or split hoof, often referring to the feet of animals like cows or horses, is described by this word. It appears in Leviticus 11, where it discusses clean and unclean animals.

Definition: 1) hoof 1a) of ruminants 1b) of horses (undivided hooves)

Usage: Occurs in 16 OT verses. KJV: claw, (cloven-) footed, hoof. See also: Exodus 10:26; Deuteronomy 14:7; Isaiah 5:28.

אֶֽת ʼêth H853 "Obj." DirObjM

Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.

הַ֠/גָּמָל gâmâl H1581 "camel" Art | N-ms

A camel, used for riding or carrying loads, is mentioned in the Bible as a valuable animal. In the KJV, it is translated simply as 'camel'.

Definition: 1) camel 1a) as property, as beast of burden, for riding, forbidden for food

Usage: Occurs in 51 OT verses. KJV: camel. See also: Genesis 12:16; Judges 6:5; Isaiah 21:7.

כִּֽי kîy H3588 "for" Conj

A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.

Definition: 1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since 1a) that 1a1) yea, indeed 1b) when (of time) 1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force) 1c) because, since (causal connection) 1d) but (after negative) 1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if 1f) but rather, but 1g) except that 1h) only, nevertheless 1i) surely 1j) that is 1k) but if 1l) for though 1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

Usage: Occurs in 3910 OT verses. KJV: and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet. See also: Genesis 1:4; Genesis 26:16; Genesis 42:15.

מַעֲלֵ֨ה ʻâlâh H5927 "to ascend" V-Hiphil

To ascend means to go up or rise, like the smoke from an altar going up to God, as described in many Bible passages, including Leviticus and Psalms.

גֵרָ֜ה gêrâh H1625 "cud" N-fs

Definition: cud

Usage: Occurs in 9 OT verses. KJV: cud. See also: Leviticus 11:3; Leviticus 11:7; Deuteronomy 14:8.

ה֗וּא hûwʼ H1931 "he/she/it" Pron

This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.

Definition: pron 3p s 1) he, she, it 1a) himself (with emphasis) 1b) resuming subj with emphasis 1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate) 1d) (anticipating subj) 1e) (emphasising predicate) 1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron 2) that (with article)

Usage: Occurs in 1693 OT verses. KJV: he, as for her, him(-self), it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they, this, those, which (is), who. See also: Genesis 2:11; Genesis 32:19; Exodus 21:3.

וּ/פַרְסָה֙ parçâh H6541 "hoof" Conj | N-fs

A claw or split hoof, often referring to the feet of animals like cows or horses, is described by this word. It appears in Leviticus 11, where it discusses clean and unclean animals.

Definition: 1) hoof 1a) of ruminants 1b) of horses (undivided hooves)

Usage: Occurs in 16 OT verses. KJV: claw, (cloven-) footed, hoof. See also: Exodus 10:26; Deuteronomy 14:7; Isaiah 5:28.

אֵינֶ֣/נּוּ ʼayin H369 "nothing" Part | Suff

This word means nothing or not, often used to indicate the absence of something, as in Genesis 1:2 where the earth was without form. It emphasizes the idea of something lacking or non-existent.

Definition: 1) nothing, not, nought n 1a) nothing, nought neg 1b) not 1c) to have not (of possession) adv 1d) without w/prep 1e) for lack of

Usage: Occurs in 686 OT verses. KJV: else, except, fail, (father-) less, be gone, in(-curable), neither, never, no (where), none, nor, (any, thing), not, nothing, to nought, past, un(-searchable), well-nigh, without. Compare H370 (אַיִן). See also: Genesis 2:5; Deuteronomy 14:27; 1 Kings 15:22.

מַפְרִ֔יס pâraç H6536 "to divide" V-Hiphil

Definition: 1) to divide, break in two 1a) (Qal) to break, break up 1b) (Hiphil) to be divided (of hoofs) Aramaic equivalent: pe.ras (פְּרַס "to divide" H6537A)

Usage: Occurs in 12 OT verses. KJV: deal, divide, have hoofs, part, tear. See also: Leviticus 11:3; Deuteronomy 14:6; Psalms 69:32.

טָמֵ֥א ṭâmêʼ H2931 "unclean" Adj

In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to be unclean in a spiritual sense, often due to sin or impurity, as seen in Leviticus. It can refer to people, places, or things. The concept is key to understanding biblical purity laws.

Definition: 1) unclean, impure 1a) ethically and religiously 1b) ritually 1c) of places

Usage: Occurs in 78 OT verses. KJV: defiled, [phrase] infamous, polluted(-tion), unclean. See also: Leviticus 5:2; Numbers 9:6; Isaiah 6:5.

ה֖וּא hûwʼ H1931 "he/she/it" Pron

This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.

לָ/כֶֽם "" Prep | Suff

Study Notes — Leviticus 11:4

Show Verse Quote Highlights

Context
Leviticus 11:4 Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Reflection Questions
Gill's Exposition on Leviticus 11:4
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Leviticus 11:4
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4
Trapp's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4
Ellicott's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4
Cambridge Bible on Leviticus 11:4
Barnes' Notes on Leviticus 11:4
Whedon's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4

Context — Clean and Unclean Animals

2“Say to the Israelites, ‘Of all the beasts of the earth, these ones you may eat: 3You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud.

4But of those that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, you are not to eat the following: The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

5The rock badger, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you. 6The rabbit, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

Leviticus 11:4 Summary

This verse, Leviticus 11:4, teaches us about God's rules for what the Israelites could and couldn't eat. It says that just because an animal chews its cud, like a camel, it's not automatically okay to eat if it doesn't also have a divided hoof. This rule helped the Israelites remember to follow God's instructions carefully, just like we should today when following God's commands in the Bible (as seen in Proverbs 3:1-2). By following these rules, the Israelites were reminded to be holy, or set apart, for God, which is still an important principle for believers today, as we see in 1 Peter 1:15-16.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why did God give the Israelites specific dietary restrictions in Leviticus 11:4?

God gave the Israelites dietary restrictions to set them apart from other nations and to teach them about holiness, as seen in Leviticus 11:44-45, where it says to be holy because God is holy, and also in Deuteronomy 14:2, which reminds them they are a holy people to the Lord their God.

What is the significance of the camel being unclean in Leviticus 11:4?

The camel is considered unclean because, although it chews its cud, it does not have a divided hoof, which was a requirement for an animal to be considered clean for consumption, as stated in Leviticus 11:3, which says an animal must both chew the cud and have a divided hoof to be eaten.

How does this verse relate to the broader theme of Leviticus?

This verse is part of a larger discussion on cleanliness and holiness in Leviticus, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between clean and unclean animals, which symbolizes the distinction between holy and profane living, as discussed in Leviticus 10:10 and Ezekiel 22:26.

Is this dietary restriction still applicable to believers today?

While the specific dietary laws given to the Israelites are not directly applicable to believers today, as seen in Acts 10:9-16 and Romans 14:1-4, the principle of living a life set apart for God and being mindful of our choices remains relevant, as taught in 1 Corinthians 10:31 and Colossians 3:17.

Reflection Questions

What does it mean to be set apart for God, and how can I apply this principle in my daily life?
How do the physical laws of cleanliness in the Old Testament relate to the spiritual laws of cleanliness in the New Testament, such as in 2 Corinthians 7:1?
In what ways can I distinguish between what is holy and what is profane in my own life, as encouraged in 1 Thessalonians 4:7?
What are some modern-day applications of the concept of being holy because God is holy, as stated in 1 Peter 1:15-16?

Gill's Exposition on Leviticus 11:4

Nevertheless, these shall ye not eat,.... To whom one of these descriptive characters may agree but not the other: of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: there being some that

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Leviticus 11:4

Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud.

Matthew Poole's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4

The camel was a usual food in Arabia, but yielding bad nourishment, as Galen notes. Divideth not the hoof, to wit, so as to have his foot cloven in two, which being expressed , is here to be understood; otherwise the camel’ s hoof is divided, but it is but a small and imperfect division, as Aristotle and Pliny observe, and observation shows.

Trapp's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4

Leviticus 11:4 Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: [as] the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he [is] unclean unto you.Ver. 4. The camel.] The foolish Jews when they saw Mohammed arising in such power, were immediately ready to cry him up for their Messiah. But when they saw him eat of a camel, saith mine author, they were as blank as when they saw the hoped issue of their late Jewish virgin turned to a daughter. Dr Hall’ s Peacemaker.

Ellicott's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4

(4) Nevertheless these shall ye not eat.—As there are some quadrupeds which comply with only one of the two above-named conditions—i.e., which ruminate but have not their hoofs perfectly parted in two, or, vice versâ, are bisulcous and not ruminant—it is here declared that such animals must not be eaten. As the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not . . . —Better, though he cheweth the cud, yet he divideth not, as the same phrase is properly rendered in the Authorised Version in Leviticus 11:7. The first animal adduced to illustrate this fact is the indispensable camel, or “the ship of the desert,” as it is aptly called. Though cloven-footed above, the toes of the camel are united below in a large elastic pad on which the camel treads, and which is like the sole of a shoe. Hence it does not come within the category of those animals which are thoroughly bisulcate. The Egyptians, the Zebii, and the Hindus, too, did not eat camel’s flesh, because they supposed it to be heating, and to engender cruelty and revenge; whilst the Persians, the ancient Arabians, and the Moslems feasted upon its milk and flesh.

Cambridge Bible on Leviticus 11:4

4. The camel’s hoof is parted above but the lower part is not divided. The Egyptians did not eat the flesh of the camel, but both the flesh and the milk are considered as lawful food by the Arabs.

Barnes' Notes on Leviticus 11:4

Divideth not the hoof - The toes of the camel are divided above, but they are united below in a sort of cushion or pad resting upon the hard bottom of the foot, which is “like the sole of a shoe.”

Whedon's Commentary on Leviticus 11:4

4. The camel — Some think that this beast is not to be eaten because of his extraordinary usefulness as “the ship of the desert.” But Jehovah pronounces him unclean, and for this reason commands his

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