Charles Finney emphasizes that true virtue is rooted in benevolence, which is the will to promote the good of all beings. He distinguishes this biblical love from natural affection, complacency, and mere emotions, asserting that genuine love is voluntary, disinterested, and universal. Finney argues that all moral actions must stem from this benevolence, as it is the essence of fulfilling God's law and the foundation of true religion. He warns against equating feelings or desires with true virtue, highlighting that real love manifests in actions aimed at the well-being of others. Ultimately, Finney concludes that benevolence is not only the essence of virtue but also the source of peace and joy in one's life.

John Wesley emphasizes the character of Nathanael, whom Jesus called 'an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile,' to illustrate the essence of true virtue, which he argues is rooted in the love of God rather than mere benevolence. He critiques contemporary thinkers like Hutcheson and Wollaston for separating love for God from love for neighbor, asserting that genuine virtue arises from a heart true to God, leading to sincere and truthful actions. Wesley insists that both truth and love must be united in a believer's life, as they reflect the character of Christ and fulfill the commandments of God. He encourages believers to seek happiness in God alone and to maintain sincerity and simplicity in their interactions with others.