Jewishness in the Bible encompasses both ethnic and religious dimensions, reflecting the identity and covenant relationship of the Jewish people with God. Ethnically, Jewishness is traced back to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, with Jacob's descendants forming the twelve tribes of Israel (Genesis 12-50). The term "Jew" itself originates from Judah, one of Jacob's sons, and the name became associated with the people of Israel after the Babylonian exile when the southern kingdom of Judah was the primary remnant of the Israelite nation (2 Kings 25; Nehemiah 1:2).Religiously, Jewishness is defined by the observance of the Torah and the covenantal laws given at Sinai (Exodus 19-24). The Jewish people are called to be a "light to the nations" (Isaiah 49:6), embodying God's commandments and being set apart for His purposes. This dual aspect of identity—ethnic heritage and religious adherence—continues to shape the understanding of Jewishness in both biblical texts and contemporary discussions about Jewish identity. In the New Testament, the early Christian movement emerged from within Judaism, and the Apostle Paul emphasizes that true Jewishness also involves faith and spiritual transformation (Romans 2:28-29), reflecting a deeper understanding of belonging to God's covenant community.