- Home
- Speakers
- Stephen Kaung
- But We See Jesus Part 4
But We See Jesus - Part 4
Stephen Kaung

Stephen Kaung (1915 - 2022). Chinese-American Bible teacher, author, and translator born in Ningbo, China. Raised in a Methodist family with a minister father, he converted to Christianity at 15 in 1930, driven by a deep awareness of sin. In 1933, he met Watchman Nee, joining his indigenous Little Flock movement in Shanghai, and served as a co-worker until 1949. Fleeing Communist persecution, Kaung worked in Hong Kong and the Philippines before moving to the United States in 1952. Settling in Richmond, Virginia, he founded Christian Fellowship Publishers in 1971, translating and publishing Nee’s works, including The Normal Christian Life. Kaung authored books like The Splendor of His Ways and delivered thousands of sermons, focusing on Christ-centered living and the church’s spiritual purpose. Married with three children, he ministered globally into his 90s, speaking at conferences in Asia, Europe, and North America. His teachings, available at c-f-p.com, emphasize inner life over institutional religion. Kaung’s collaboration with Nee shaped modern Chinese Christianity.
Download
Sermon Summary
Stephen Kaung emphasizes the majesty and supremacy of Jesus Christ, urging believers to recognize their heavenly calling and to worship Him in spirit and truth. He explains that through Christ's sacrifice, believers have access to the Holy of Holies and are called to live a life of faith, hope, and love, moving beyond the shadows of religious traditions. Kaung encourages the congregation to separate from worldly distractions and to fully embrace their identity as citizens of heaven, living in accordance with their calling. He stresses the importance of community and mutual encouragement among believers as they await the return of Christ. Ultimately, the sermon calls for a deeper relationship with Jesus, who is the true substance of faith.
Scriptures
Sermon Transcription
Every time after we remember our Lord and report Him this way, I feel that I should not say anything. I often feel this is a very difficult thing to do. We have already come before our Lord. We can only be quiet, be still, bow down and worship Him. May the words that we are going to release will not bring us outside of Him. Let's turn to the book of Hebrews chapter 3. Hebrews chapter 3. We just read verse 1. Therefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly call, consider the apostle and high priest of our confession, Jesus. Chapter 10. We read from verse 19 until 25. Chapter 10, verse 19. Brethren, we have entered into the holy of holies by the blood of Jesus. The new and living way which He has dedicated for us through the veil, that is His flesh. And having a great priest over the house of God. Let us approach with a true heart in full assurance of faith, sprinkled as to our hearts from a wicked conscience and washed as to our bodies with pure water. Let us hold fast the confession of the hope unwavering for He is faithful who has promised. And let us consider one another for provoking to love and good works. If you cannot hold a gathering of love and good works, it is as if those who are accustomed to love and good works are forcing each other to abstain from love and good works. Knowing that the day is near, let us do so. Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together as the custom is with some, but encourage one another and be so much the more as ye see the day drawing near. And these are all the scriptures we are reading for now. This time every morning we share together that we see Jesus. May God has already have mercy on us. And in our hearts we see only our Lord Jesus. We see how majestic is this person. He is the Son of God. The One who created all. And He is inheritor of all things. He is the radiance of the glory of God. The expression of the substance of God. All things are established through Him. And for Him He has bled and cleansed our sin. Our Lord is also the Son of Man. How He has emptied Himself. Put on the form of a bound slave. And with the form of a man. And He made Himself to be obedient to the death and even the death of the cross. Because He came down to be a man. Because He has been our substitute. And for those who have no hope. And today we can be even called sons and daughters of God. And He is going to lead us into glory. Our Lord is so majestic. And His ministry is so great. And only He is real our soul of God. He has completely represented God. When we see Him, we see God. When we hear Him, we hear God. And He has completely accomplished the will with which God has sent Him. And on the cross He says finished. The work of redemption is finished. Not only He is the apostle of God. He is also our great high priest. Not only He has accomplished salvation on earth for us. And in heaven today He continues to minister to us. And He will save us to the end. And therefore we see that His position is supreme. It is incomparable. And because of His position and ministry. And He has such a position. And we have to bow down really before Him. And we have to put Him at a position which He deserves. And we should also stand where we stand. And this is worship. And worship does not have other meaning. To worship Him is to put Him at a position which He deserves. And we stand at the position where we should. And this is the true worship before God. And this morning we would like to share the fourth thing. And which is the calling of Jesus. And when we see His person. We have seen His ministry. And we have seen His position. And from His person, ministry and position. And it comes out the calling. And we know that calling is not according to us. The calling is according to Him who calls. Because the one who calls us is the Son of God. He is the Son of Man. He is the beginning of a new race. Because the one who calls us. He has such complete work. Such incomparable position. And here we see that His calling must be a glorious calling. The Bible tells us. God has called us with His calling of grace. Holy calling. It is not according to our deeds. But according to His will and His grace. And this grace has been predestined for us before the ages. And the calling that we have today. Or to say that the Lord today calls us. It is not according to our works. It is not according to our conditions. But according to the eternal will of God. And also according to the grace which He has given to us. So this calling is not an ordinary calling. And this calling is not for us just. And this calling must correspond to His person. His ministry and His position. And this calling is so that He can be satisfied. So dear brothers and sisters. Today we who have been saved by grace. Here the Bible tells us that we are the holy brethren. The receiver of a heavenly calling. We are holy brothers. What does it mean by holy brothers? And that is to say we are a group that are separated. We have been separated from all the man, the marriage and things. And we are separated to be holy. And this calling that we have received is a heavenly calling. So the book of Hebrews tells us. Because we are partakers of the heavenly calling. The heavens is calling us. Being called heavenward. Although to heaven. Today because of the person of our Lord. And our identification are the heavenly citizens. And we remember Philippians chapter 3 tells us. Our citizens are in heaven. And we are the citizens of heaven. We are all the sojourners. Because our Lord. And we are today kingly priests. And we all today can rise up to do the function of God and his will. And because of the incomparable position of our Lord Jesus. He has also given us a position. What is our position today? Our position is king. Dear brothers and sisters. Do not despise yourself. And do not admire those positions of the world. Because the position of our Lord is king. We are all king. And this is our position. Now that we have such identification. And therefore we should respond to the calling of our Lord Jesus. Today the calling our Lord Jesus has given us is a heavenly calling. And he wants us to separate from all things that belong to the world. So that we can go fully heavenward. You know at the time the Hebrew believers. Because they were not clear about their person. Or their identification. So not only they did not know the person of our Lord. If you do not know the identification of your Lord. For this reason. They were not clear about the calling of Jesus. So they were still bounded by the things of the world. You know Judaism. Although at the beginning it was revelation. It was what God had told them through the prophets. And it is God who sent the angels to reveal to them. It is God who sent Moses to lead them. It is God who set up Aaron to help them. It is God who specified the Sabbath. It is God who taught them. These things originally came. It was a shadow of things to come. All this is but a shadow of the things to come. And when would the shadow last? Until the real thing comes. And this shadow will pass away. And now Christ has come. The more excellent sacrifice. And these things will stay until the day of revival. The image of the true thing has come. So you have to see that although the prophets were sent. Although angels were used by God. Who rules the house of God is the Son. The tabernacle has passed away. And these things became the earth that constrained us. That we cannot answer the heavenly calling. Therefore we see the wise man's following. And today many people are just chasing vanity. And outside of the Lord Jesus. All are just the wind and shadow empty. But today man loves the shadow. And man rejects the real substance. Today it is the same with us. And we esteem the prophets. But we have ignored the one that the prophets have prophesied to. And we put aside the tabernacle that the angels have worshipped. And yesterday after I shared. A brother came to remind me. He said even in the United States today. In Kansas there was something. And there was one that was being esteemed as the highest prophet. And he got into trouble. When people thought him to be the highest prophet. Because everyday there was angel coming to speak to him. No wonder there was a problem. Because Satan disguised himself as a bright angel to tempt man. Dear brothers and sisters. Let us today not chase the wind and shadow. Not only these things should pass away in the wind and shadow. We shall pass away from the earth. And our whole life on this earth is become just emptiness of emptiness. We have to see our Lord Jesus. He is the true substance. We thank God. Because He has sent the prophets. Even He has given man the law. Because the law is the teacher of man. But brothers and sisters. Let us not make a mistake here. And let the shadow pass away. The shadow is empty. When the true substance comes. And that is our Lord Jesus Christ. Dear brothers and sisters. We have to see. God is calling us today. So that we can be separated from all things of this world and earth. And even things from God. If that has surpassed the will that God has destined. Nothing but shadow. Although this shadow looks good. But what God has said is this must pass away. If we do not let these things pass away. If we want to treat these things. And these things become earthbound. So Judaism becomes an earthbound thing. Today the same with Christianity. Christianity is chasing wind and showers. And therefore we see this becomes a worldly earthly religion. And we need a chapel on earth. As if we do not have this chapel we cannot worship. And outside of the chapel we cannot worship. And we have to have rules. And otherwise we do not know. And otherwise we think we are more pitiful than the people of the world. Isn't Christianity today has become an earthly organization. And a worldly organization. And bounded on this earth. So that we cannot answer the heavenly calling. Dear brothers and sisters. Paul told us. And he sees all things but done. And consider it excellent. The knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. Today the same we have been. Let us separate us from all these things of the earth. Because today God not only is going to shake the earth. He is going to shake heaven. Here in heaven is all these so called spiritual things. Not only these men and matters and things of the world. But even the men and matters in the religious world. They have to be shaken. All that can be shaken will be shaken away. So that we can have the unshakable kingdom. We thank God. Because He is here doing the shaking work. Dear brothers and sisters. Have we been shaken? Are we still laying hold on these things that can be shaken? Let these things go away. It is sufficient to have the Lord. Dear brothers and sisters. Not have God given us such position. Such ministry. Have such position. How shall we live on this earth? Simply put. The book of Hebrews tells us two things. One is. We have to enter the veil. We have to live a life inside the veil. We all know. Between the holy place and the holy of holies. There is a veil. Not only men cannot see the throne inside the holy of holies. From the altar core. Even in the holy place. You cannot see the glory. Not only the people in the world cannot see God. These priests who serve in the holy place. They cannot see the glory of God either. The high priest once a year. He has to bring blood and incense to behind the veil. The blood is to take away sin. The smoke of the incense is to cover. Because nobody is worthy to see God. No one can come before God. If one dares to come before God. He will be stricken to death. So when a high priest. When he enters the holy of holies. He will be in fear and tremble. Because other people do not know. Whether he will come out alive. But we thank God. He went in bringing blood and incense. But he could only stay in the holy of holies. In a short period. And he had to retreat. Therefore he sees. He can not see the glory of God. The book of Hebrews says. The way to the holy of holies. Man cannot live a life outside of the veil. Man cannot live a life inside the veil. Man can only worship God at a distance. Because he is the grace and dreadful God. You can only worship him from a distance. But brothers and sisters. Today the calling we have. Is that God calls us. So that we can enter the holy of holies. And we can enter the holy of holies with boldness. Why? Because the veil has rent. When our Lord was outside the city of Jerusalem. And on the mountain of Calvary. Then before he had the last breath on the cross. He cried out loud. Now inside the city. In the temple. The thick and heavy veil. Split in two. From the top to the bottom. And that veil is the body of Jesus. When the body of our Lord Jesus is rent. The veil is just in the house. And now the way to the holy of holies is dedicated. The Lord calls us. To enter into the holy of holies. To not live in the outer part anymore. To not live even in the holy place. You should live in the holy of holies. Do not live in the outer part. What is the outer part? There was an altar. In another word. God is telling us. We who have been saved by grace. Do not just still walk around on the foundation. The Hebrew believers. They do not grow forward. They circle around the base. The one who wrote the Hebrews. The base is already found. The foundation was already made. You cannot lay again the foundation. You have to move forward. Today many sons and daughters of God. And he is circling around. And he stays within the experience of merely being saved. The cross. The cross of the cross. His blood. And there are saints. This is a tremendous thing. The brothers and sisters. Now according to the glory of God. This is but the beginning. And he wants us to leave the beginning of doctrine. Enter into the fullness of Christ. Many God's children. They do not know others. They do not know other things about the Lord. They do not know what the Lord has done other than this. Dear brothers and sisters. The Lord said come to the Holy of Holies. Of course you have to pass through the altar. Then you can come to the Holy of Holies. But do not just stay there. Dear brothers and sisters. Sons are like priests. His life is in the Holy Place. Not only he has been saved. And he has some guilt. And he wants to serve the Lord. We often heard people telling us. If you have not been saved you need to be saved. Now that you are saved. To be zealous serving the Lord. And that is to live in the Holy Place. But brothers and sisters. The Lord is calling us to go into Heaven. To enter into the Holy of Holies. Because the veil is split. He is calling us. Come into the Holy of Holies. This is where you just dwell. Do not dwell in the altar core. Do not dwell in the Holy Place. Dwell in the Holy of Holies. We can serve in the Holy Place. But we cannot live there. We can work and preach gospel in the altar core. But we cannot live there. We have to live in the Holy of Holies. We have to live behind the veil. What does it mean? It means. Let me tell you today. You have a home. You are not homeless. God is your home. God is your dwelling place. Your life is hidden with Christ in God. With that His grace on us. God is our home. We dwell in the home. Daily we live in the home. We daily receive the face of heaven and hell. We see the glory of God expressed in the face of Lord Jesus. We can draw nigh to Him every day. We can worship Him every day. We can stand before Him every day. Daily we can hear Him. Because God is on the throne. Of the Holy of Holies. It is the eternal life. Why can't we hear the word of God? Because we have not lived in the Holy of Holies. Dear brothers and sisters. We have a heavenly calling. Daily we have to live inside the Holy of Holies. Behind the veil. That we can draw near to God. That we can communicate with God. That we can hear His voice. We can worship Him there. This is our heavenly calling. Brothers and sisters. There is another aspect of this heavenly calling. That is to go out of the camp. In Hebrew chapter 13 we are told. We have to go out of the camp to get near to our God. Because we have a sin operation. And His blood is shed on the altar. But the body of the beast was brought outside of the camp to be burned. Likewise our Lord Jesus. He has been brought outside of Jerusalem. He was crucified on Gargabshan. Today what is our heavenly calling? Our heavenly calling is we have to go out of the camp and to our Lord Jesus. What does this camp refer to? To the Hebrew sense. The camp is Judaism. The Judaism is like a camp. If you are inside a camp you are protected. If you are not there. You are rejected outside a camp. And we can say that He has gone inside a camp. And they have ministering inside a camp. And they can be close together inside a camp. They say the same thing inside a camp. They say the same thing. And everything uniform. Because this is a camp. You cannot have a different thought inside a camp. You cannot have different words inside a camp. Then otherwise you will be chased out. Brothers and sisters. Judaism is a camp. If you want to be in that camp. You have to receive the tradition of the fathers of Judaism. If you are not willing to receive, to taste this tradition. You have to be chased out of the temple. And to be excommunicated is a tremendous thing. Because there is no priest. A priest cannot give offerings. If you are chased out of the temple. He cannot live. He cannot even die. So you have to see. The Jews at the time. The thing they are most afraid of is being excommunicated outside of the temple. But our Lord Jesus is being cast out of the camp. He was rejected. He was crucified. Those who follow the Lord. You have to go outside the camp. It is not possible for you to stay in the camp. You have to go out of the camp to suffer with them. For that they are in shame. Many Jews. Because they are afraid of being excommunicated. They dare not confess the Lord. They cannot answer the heavenly calling. Today what is the camp? Our camp is not the world. Our camp is this religious world. When did Christianity turn into a religion? Turned into a system. Turned into an organization. Turned into a camp. It is easy to be in the camp. You can have all the supplies inside the camp. And you are protected in the camp. But. You have to follow. If you want to fully follow. You have to fully obey the rules of the camp. Otherwise even if you do not want to. You will be chased out. Now it is better to just go out. Where is the Lord today? And this is our question today. Where is the Lord? If the Lord is inside the camp. You stay in the camp. If the Lord is not inside the camp. Why do you stay in the camp? If the Lord is outside the camp. Whether you choose the camp. Or you choose the Lord. Dear brothers and sisters. Indeed inside the camp. There is the glory of man. But outside the camp. There is shame. The shame of the Lord. Dear brothers and sisters. Today we have to go outside of the camp. To suffer the shame of Christ. The Lord is there. And there shall we be. Wherever is the land. There we should follow his footsteps. Then you can answer this heavenly calling. So dear brothers and sisters. We thank and praise our God. Because of our Lord. He has given us such an identification. He has given us such a great ministry. He has given us such an exalted position. We cannot just waste away ourselves. We have to rise up. To answer his call. When we answer this call. In our daily life. There are three things. And this is what we were told. From Hebrews chapter 10 verse 19 on. Because we see Jesus. It is not a theoretical thing. And this is not just for us to think about. But we see the Lord. It is going to have real effect in our lives. How do we prove that we have answered his call? Here it tells us three things. This is Hebrews chapter 10. Verse 22. Verse 11. Let us approach with a true heart. And full assurance of faith to God. This is the first thing. The one who answers his heavenly calling. From now on. He lives a life of faith. And by assurance of faith. He will come before God. Number two. Verse 23. Let us hold fast the confession of the whole. And lay with wavering. For he is faithful who has promised. Number two. The one who has answered the heavenly calling. From every day he lives a life of hope. Because God is faithful. Number three. Verse 24. And let us consider one another. For talking to love and good works. For not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together. As the custom is with some. But encourage one another. And be so much more. As you see the day drawing near. The one who answers the heavenly calling. He lives daily a life of love. So you see that the day was remaining continually of three things. Faith, hope and love. In chapter 11 it talks about faith. Chapter 12, hope. Chapter 13, love. And let's just mention them briefly. Because you are anxious to go home. So I have to conclude earlier. If I have borrowed your time in the past. I'll return to you the one. Today we have been called by the heavenly calling. Our life is a life of faith. Often times we are not clear. And sometimes we feel that only those who are so-called full-time workers. And I do not like this term full-time. Because we are all full-time. But let's just put it this way. We think those full-time workers. They live a life by faith. And they live by faith. They do not live by God. As if faith is one thing and God is another thing. And those of us who are not full-time workers. We do not live by faith. We live by our hands. We live by our head. We do not live by God. Do you think this is logical? Therefore I do not like this term. Every believer. We have called by the heavenly calling. And we live our faith. I am not saying that I live by faith. I live by faith. I am saying to live a life of faith. Because the faith itself. It is not a thing for us to depend on. The anchor of faith is set at God who can be trusted. How can we live before God? We live before God with a full faith. Because man lives by touch. Man lives by feelings. Visible things. Touchable things. Things you can grab. And these things we depend upon in our life. But when you talk about spiritual things. Talking about things of God. We feel they are not touchable. You can not see it. You can not touch it. It is not touchable. It seems there is something you can not depend upon. So here we see we need a life of faith. Dear brothers and sisters. Every one of us has to live a life of faith. Not by sight. Not by feelings. We see that invisible God with our faith. Moses can despise all the riches of Egypt. And he can esteem the shame of Christ. Why? Because he has seen that unseen God. Who can see that unseen God? By the eyes of the flesh we can never see Him. But the eyes of faith can see Him. Dear brothers and sisters. Today we trust our God. The eyes of our faith have already seen Him. The ears of our faith have already cleared Him. We have seen, we have known that all the material things are just false. All the visible things are nothing but transient. The invisible is forever. Brothers and sisters. In faith we have seen we believe that God is. We believe that He is all and all to us. We have Him that's sufficient. We trust that He will reward all those who seek Him. In chapter 11 we see that faith is the substantiating of things hoped for. So the Holy Bible says that faith substantiates what we hope for. What we hope for is something substantial. That is forever. Although we cannot see with our eyes but God and all things of God are real. But how can you substantiate how can you let this be your real experience inside? God is there in Heaven. How can you make it real so that He becomes the God living in you? Faith is this instrument. When we believe God becomes the one closest to us. Everything else is false. Only God is real. Because we believe all the promises of God they become true they become amen in Christ. Although 2,000 years ago our Lord Jesus shed the blood on the cross but because we believe this blood today sprinkled our conscience. Although our Lord Jesus was crucified and died 2,000 years ago and in faith by faith we die with Him bearing with Him and risen with Him and sat in Heaven with Him dear brothers and sisters the Fathers in the past they have done many things they have obeyed the will of God they have got the proof today God calls us to live a life of faith. Number two that we have a life of hope dear brothers and sisters if we the believers now we only can have something of this life now we have no portion in the coming ages then we are more pitiful than people of this world people of this world they can enjoy the pleasure of sin we cannot when we sin there is no joy in our heart if you are not no joy why do you sin if you see that if Christians do not have hope we are more pitiful than men of the world but we thank God the one who has promise is faithful dear brothers and sisters in Ephesians chapter 12 we are told all these saints in the past they surround us like clouds they surround us we today we race every believer from the day you were saved God put you on a course He wants you to run the course what is the goal the goal is our Lord to gain our Lord dear brothers and sisters in the grief of the past because they want to have a cross and they want to put themselves in exorcism they rejected many illegal or legal so that they can gain this majestic crown this is the crown of flower but that crown of flower fade away dear brothers and sisters today we are running on this course what we are to obtain is the crown forever not only that we are gaining the Lord that gives us the crown for this reason we have to cast away the sins that entangle us we have to cast away the weight this may not be sin but this is a weight we have to look steadfastly the Lord Jesus who is our leader and completer of our faith do not look here and there do not look at men do not look behind do not even look at yourself look all to Jesus then you press forward press toward the ghost indeed on the course there are many hurdles and this is a hurdle race obstacle race there are many obstacles there but God uses this suffering to train us so that we can grow up from being a child to a grown man so that we can be transformed from glory to glory as the glorious Lord and this is the word of that Holy Spirit when the glory fills inside then we enter into glory this is our hope dear brothers and sisters we are people of great hope this world is going to pass away but we have an unshakable kingdom and we want to be even more godly to serve our Lord those who enter the heavenly home we have to live a life of love dear brothers and sisters what is our heavenly calling? in heaven who else do I have outside of you? on earth I have nothing to love the Lord wants us to live this life of love love the Lord your God with whole heart whole soul and whole strength who is more lovable than God? what is more lovable than our Lord? may His love encourage us so that we do not lose the first love do not let the man and the thing of this world occupy our hearts these are nothing but God let us consider it excellent the knowledge of Lord Jesus let us love Him with whole heart if we love Him we love brothers and sisters we love each other dear brothers and sisters the church is the house of God it is not a legal court the church is the house of God it is not a debate place the church is the house of God in the household the air is love no love, no home brothers and sisters therefore the Lord says you love each other how I love you you love each other Lord gave Himself for us we have to lay down our lives for our brothers we have to care for each other and to promote love to encourage good work why do we have to gather why we cannot stop meeting because when you are alone nobody can encourage you love is mutual therefore we need to meet that we can encourage one another prepare our hearts to receive, to welcome our Lord dear brothers and sisters the day of Lord's coming is near and with only a little while left the one who is to come will come the righteous shall live by faith let not be those who withdraw let us be the ones who accelerate to earth it coming I love you we see only Jesus may we when we go home we only see Jesus if you only see Lord Jesus the Holy Spirit can transform you that you are conformed to the image of the Son of God the only begotten of God He is the firstborn He will lead many sons to glory may God have grace on us and bow down and pray our Lord, our God what can we say before you you so love us and for our sake you came to this earth you pay the highest price even your own blood your body you gave for us oh you have redeemed us today you are on the right hand side of the great God interceding for us you are still ministering to us what else can we say we belong to you we do not want to exit we want to stay your bond slave of love of you and our whole life we serve you our Lord, have mercy on us so that when we go home this time we do not see prophet angel Moses Aaron no more sacrifice no more wall no longer seeing ten to ten let us be only few fill our eyes fill our heart in the name of our Lord
But We See Jesus - Part 4
- Bio
- Summary
- Transcript
- Download

Stephen Kaung (1915 - 2022). Chinese-American Bible teacher, author, and translator born in Ningbo, China. Raised in a Methodist family with a minister father, he converted to Christianity at 15 in 1930, driven by a deep awareness of sin. In 1933, he met Watchman Nee, joining his indigenous Little Flock movement in Shanghai, and served as a co-worker until 1949. Fleeing Communist persecution, Kaung worked in Hong Kong and the Philippines before moving to the United States in 1952. Settling in Richmond, Virginia, he founded Christian Fellowship Publishers in 1971, translating and publishing Nee’s works, including The Normal Christian Life. Kaung authored books like The Splendor of His Ways and delivered thousands of sermons, focusing on Christ-centered living and the church’s spiritual purpose. Married with three children, he ministered globally into his 90s, speaking at conferences in Asia, Europe, and North America. His teachings, available at c-f-p.com, emphasize inner life over institutional religion. Kaung’s collaboration with Nee shaped modern Chinese Christianity.