Sis Dorcas - Thank you for your reply.

It's no wonder I have a headache. This is where I've been and am up to thus far ---

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

English is a West Germanic language originating in England, and the first language for most people in Australia, Canada, the Commonwealth Caribbean, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America (also commonly known as the Anglosphere). It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language throughout the world, especially in Commonwealth countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and South Africa, and in many international organisations.

Modern English is sometimes described as the global lingua franca.[1][2] English is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy.[3] The influence of the British Empire is the primary reason for the initial spread of the language far beyond the British Isles.[4] Following World War II, the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States has significantly accelerated the spread of the language. On an average school day approximately one billion people are learning English in one form or another.

A working knowledge of English is required in certain fields, professions, and occupations. As a result over a billion people speak English at least at a basic level (see English language learning and teaching). English is one of six official languages of the United Nations.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language

English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers and Roman auxiliary troops from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion. The first was by language speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family; they conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries. The second was the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old French and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication).

Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility and with a huge vocabulary.

The Germanic tribes who gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), traded with and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the process of the Germanic invasion of Europe from the East. Many Latin words for common objects therefore entered the vocabulary of these Germanic people even before any of these tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street, and wall. The Romans also gave English words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, around the year 449, Vortigern, King of the Britons, invited the "Angle kin" (Angles led by Hengest and Horsa) to help him in conflicts with the Picts. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the southeast of England. Further aid was sought and in response "came men of Ald Seaxum of Anglum of Iotum" (Saxons, Angles and Jutes). The Chronicle talks of a subsequent influx of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms, known as the heptarchy. Modern scholarship considers most of this story to be legendary and politically motivated and the identification of the tribes with the Angles, Saxons and Jutes is no longer accepted as an accurate description (Myres, 1986, p. 46ff), especially since the Anglo-Saxon language is more similar to Frisian than any single one of the others.


The invaders' Germanic language displaced the indigenous Brythonic languages of what became England. The Celtic languages remained in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English.

The modern Brythonic languages are generally considered to all derive from a common ancestral language termed British, Common Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, which is thought to have developed from Proto-Celtic, which was possibly introduced to Great Britain from the middle second millennium BC (Hawkes, 1973). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languages

History of the English Language
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/hell/

I would say that I've found my answers - for when I am up to reading it all. :-? I suppose an ice-pack is in order presently.
[u]Thank you![/u]

Well that was interesting reading!

I think the Frisian has left a big influence in some dialects. Apparently people who speak the dialect in NE Scotland (Aberdeenshire) in the days before radio, may not have understood the King's English, but could manage to communicate with those from across the North Sea.

I think short things like this are great, at least for foreigners like me, it helps when preachers / teachers speak about "tenses" and such, hope this helps anyone else too :-)

TENSES
SUMMARY OF VERB TENSES

[b]Present tenses[/b]
Simple present: She [b]wants[/b] a drink.
Present continuous: They [b]are walking[/b] home.

[b]Past tenses[/b]
Simple past: Peter [b]lived[/b] in China in 1965.
Past continuous: I [b]was reading[/b] when she arrived.

[b]Perfect tenses[/b]
Present Perfect: I [b]have lived[/b] here since 1987.
Present perfect continuous: I [b]have been living [/b]here for years.
Past perfect: We [b]had been[/b] to see her several times before she visited us.
Past perfect continuous: He [b]had been watching[/b] her for some time when she turned and smiled.
Future perfect: We[b] will have arrived[/b] in the States by the time you get this letter.
Future perfect continuous: By the end of your course, you [b]will have been studying[/b] for five years.

[b]Future tenses[/b]
Simple future: They [b]will go[/b] to Italy next week.
Future continuous: I [b]will be travelling[/b] by train.

[b]Conditional tenses[/b]
Present conditional: If he had the money he[b]would go[/b]
Present continuous conditional: He [b]would be getting up[/b] now if he was in Australia.
Perfect conditional: She [b]would have visited[/b] me if she had had time.
Perfect continuous conditional: I [b]would have been playing[/b] tennis if I hadn't broken my arm.

_________________
CHRISTIAN

hmmhmm,

Brother thank you so much for this. It will surely help and aid me in my studies with my Newberry Bible.

Julian and Christian,

Would you like a thread on spelling...? I don't mean spelling short words, but the ones which have a [i]root[/i] word (often from a language such as Latin, Greek or French), which has had meanings added or subtracted from it by the [i]addition[/i] of prefixes (before the root) and suffixes (after the root)... often more than one both before and after. I would not try to do a comprehsive list, but simply give the main idea, for you to notice in your reading, and be more confident in your spelling. I don't mind if you don't. It was just a thought.

I need some more help from you dear brethren and sisters :-)

This time I need to know what this is in a childlike easy way of understanding 8-)

What is an [b]EMPHATIC PRONOUN[/b]?

very much grateful for your time and effort!

Christian

_________________
CHRISTIAN

Well, brother, I was not sure about this one, so I resorted to the web, and found this page. I think it gives just enough English to help you work out what you need, but it is primarily an explanation of Greek construction, so I hope it is also helpful in that respect.

Briefly explained, an [b]emphatic pronoun[/b] follows immediately (in the same sentence), the noun of which [u]it is a form of repetition for the sake of emphasis[/u], (a pronoun being a way of alluding to a noun already in use in the sentence or paragraph).


I haven't read the whole page, but I noticed one [i]mistake[/i] in the English, namely 'you self'. Corrected, it should be [u]yourself[/u], with no break between the two words.

[url=http://www.geocities.com/alexandrosworld/Greek/Pronouns.html]http://www.geocities.com/alexandrosworld/Greek/Pronouns.html[/url]

If you scroll down the page to Emphatic Pronouns, even if you don't understand the Greek, I think the English is quite clear.

What do you think?

Ok, this is round two. I wrote a post and I have no idea where it went. I guess I closed the tab it was on...

_________________
Josh Parsley

thank you both! I just got the Newberry study bible and there is just so much :-) but now i understand a little more.... It seems to me the Greek is so much "colorful" then English or Swedish... that there is so much that not "shines" through when translated into another language

Christian

_________________
CHRISTIAN