Review
To exactness of method or System, their work can hardly pretend; and yet they have a system, -- which has only not been rounded into symmetry, by the singular circumstance that these seven writers "have written in entire independence of one another, and without concert or comparison." They avow a common purpose, however; for they "hope" that their joint labours "will be received as an attempt to illustrate," (whatever that may mean,) "the advantage derivable to the cause of Religion and Moral Truth" from what they have here attempted; and which they justly characterize as "free handling." Putting oneself in their position, it is easy to imagine the sorrow and concern, -- the horror rather, -- with which a good man, when the first edition of Essays and Reviews' made its appearance, would have discovered the kind of complicity into which he had been inadvertently betrayed; and how eagerly he would have withdrawn from a literary partnership which had resulted so disastrously. At the end of nine largo editions, however, the corporate responsibility of each individual author has become fully established; and besides the many proofs of sympathy between the several authors which these pages contain [236] , it is no longer doubtful that the sentiments of the work are to be quoted without reference to the individual writers. It would be unfair to assume that not one of these seven men has had the manliness to avow that his own individual convictions are opposed to those of his fellows. We are compelled to regard their joint labours as one production. It is the corporate efficacy of the several contributions which constitutes the chief criminality of the volume. It is to the respectability and weight of the combined names of its authors, and to their combined efforts, that Essays and Reviews' are indebted for all their power.
What then is the system, or theory, or view, advocated by these seven Authors? -- They are all agreed that we are "placed evidently at an epoch when Humanity finds itself under new conditions, to form some definite conception to ourselves of the way in which Christianity is henceforward to act upon the world which is our own." (p.158.) To do this, we must emerge from our "narrow chamber of Doctrinal and Ecclesiastical prepossessions." (Ibid.) Accordingly, we find insinuated "a very wide-spread alienation, both in educated and uneducated persons, from the Christianity which is ordinarily presented in our Churches and Chapels." (p.150.) There has been a spontaneous recoil." (p.151.) We cannot "resist the tide of civilization on which we are borne." (p.412.) "The time has come when it is no longer possible to ignore the results of criticism." It is therefore "of importance that Christianity should be seen to be in harmony with them." (p.374.) "The arguments of our genuine critics, with the Convictions of our most learned clergy" (p.66) are all opposed to the actual teaching of the Church. Meantime, "the Christian Religion is in a false position when all the tendencies of knowledge are opposed to it." (p.374.) "Time was when the Gospel was before the age: . . . when the highest minds found in its truths not only the rule of their lives, but a well-spring of intellectual delight. Is it to be held a thing impossible that the Christian Religion may again embrace the thoughts of men upon the earth?" (pp.374-5.)
In the mean time, the Bible is a stubborn fact in the way of the new Religion. Nay, the English Book of Common Prayer is a great hindrance for those "formulæ of past thinkings, have long lost all sense of any kind;" (p.297;) so that the Prayer-book "is on the way to become a useless encumbrance, the rubbish of the past, blocking the road." (Ibid.) But the Prayer-book confessedly stands on a different footing from the Bible. The Bible erects itself hopelessly in the way of "the negative religion." (p.151.) O those many prophecies, which for 4000 long years sustained the faith of God's chosen people, and at last found fulfilment in the person of Christ, or in the circumstances which attended the establishment of His Kingdom! O that glorious retinue of types and shadows which heralded Messiah's approach! . . . And then, -- O the miraculous evidence which attested to the reality of His Divinity [237] ! O the confirmation, (to those who needed it,) when He walked the water, and stilled the storm, and cast out devils by His word, and by one strong cry broke the gates of Death, and caused Lazarus to "Come forth!" . . . O the solemn independent testimony borne by Creeds, from the very birthday of Christianity, -- (whether planted in Syria or in Asia Minor, in Africa or in Italy, in Greece or in Gaul; "in Germany or in Spain, among the Celts or in the far East, in Egypt or in Libya, or in the middle regions of the globe [238] .") Lastly, -- O the adoring voice of the whole Church Catholic throughout the world, for many a succeeding century, -- translating, expounding, defining, explaining, defending to the death! . . . How shall all this formidable mass of evidence possibly be set aside?
It is plain that Prophecy must be evacuated of its meaning; or rather, must be denied entirely: and to do this, falls to the share of the vulgar awl violent Vice-Principal of Lampeter College. Disprove he cannot; so he sneers and rails and blusters instead. Prophecy, he calls "omniscience;" "a notion of foresight by vision of particulars;" (p.70;) "a kind of clairvoyance," (p.70,) and "literal prognostication." (p.65.) Mr. Jowett (as we have lately seen [239] ,) lends plaintive help: but indeed Dr. Williams does not lack supporters.
To deny the truth of Miracles falls to the lot of the Savilian Professor of Astronomy. His method has the merit of extreme simplicity: for it is based on the ground that, in the writer's opinion, Miracles are impossible, -- which of course must be held to be decisive of the question.
The battle against the Inspiration of the Word of God is reserved for the Regius Professor of Greek; who requires for his purpose twice the space of any of his fellows. His method is also of the simplest kind, when divested of its many encumbrances. He simply assumes it as proved that the Bible is a book not essentially different from Sophocles and Plato. In other words he assumes that the Bible is not inspired; and reproaches, pities, or sneers at every one who is not of his opinion.
In the meantime, What is Prophecy? What are Miracles? Of what sort is that Bible which has imposed upon mankind so grossly, and so long? They are facts, and must be explained. What are they? Prophecy, then, is "only the power of seeing the ideal in the actual, or of tracing the Divine Government in the movements of men." (p.70.) As for Miracles, "their evidential force is wholly relative to the apprehensions of the parties addressed. . . . Columbus' prediction of the Eclipse to the native islanders," (p.115,) is advanced as an illustration of the nature of the argument from. Miracles. By whatever method the Bible has attained its present footing in the world, it is a book which has been hitherto misunderstood; and it must plainly be dealt with after a new fashion. Our Lord's Incarnation, Temptation, Death and Burial, Resurrection and Ascension into Heaven, -- all His Miracles, in short, will be best interpreted Ideologically; in other words, by a principle "which resolves into an ideal the whole of the historical and doctrinal person of Jesus." (p.200.) So interpreted, "the Gospel may win again the minds of intellectual men;" (p.376;) but it will find it no easy matter. There is in fact "a higher wisdom" than the Gospel, "which is known to those who are perfect," -- "that reconcilement," namely, "of Faith and Knowledge which may be termed Christian Philosophy." (p.413.)
The great object, in short, is to bring about "a reconciliation" (p.375,) between "the minds of intellectual men" (p.376,) and Christianity. Such a reconciliation is to be regarded as a "restoration of belief." (p.375.) And it is to be effected by "taking away some of the external supports, because they are not needed and do harm: also because they interfere with the meaning." (p.375.) -- Those "external supports" are (1) a belief in the Inspiration of the Bible; -- (2) the writings of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church; -- (3) Creeds and the decisions of Councils , -- (4) the works of Anglican Divines; -- (5) Learning; (p.337;) -- (6) a profound acquaintance with the Greek language; (p.393;) -- (7) a minute knowledge of Greek Grammar; (p.391;) -- (8) the Doctrine of the Greek Article; -- (9) the free use of the parallel passages. . . . The Bible, when interpreted by any self-relying young man who knows a little Greek, and attends to the meaning of words, -- will be seen in all the freshness of its early beauty, like an old picture which has been recently cleaned. "A new interest" will be excited by this new Bible, which will "make for itself a new kind of authority." By being thus literally interpreted, it will be transformed into "a spirit." Then, (but not before) the Bible will enjoy the sublime satisfaction of keeping pace with the Age. It may so, even yet, "embrace the thoughts of men upon the earth."
But what kind of thing will this Bible be? The beginning of Genesis, (pp.207-253,) is to be rejected because it "is not an authentic utterance of Divine knowledge, but a human utterance, which it has pleased Providence to use in a special way for the education of mankind." (p.253.) We are invited to "a frank recognition of the erroneous views of Nature which the Bible contains." (p.211.) Thus, all miraculous transactions will have to be explained away. The volume of Prophecy will have to be regarded as a volume of History. The very History will have to be read with distrust. Like other records, it is subject to the conditions of "knowledge which existed in an early stage of the world." (p.411.) It does not even begin to be authentic, until B.C.1900; or rather, until B.C.900 [240] . What remains is to be looked upon as "the continuous witness in all ages of the higher things in the heart of man," (p.375,) -- (whatever that may happen to mean.) The Gospel is to be looked upon as "a life of Christ in the soul, instead of a theory of Christ which is in a book, or written down," (p.423.) "The lessons of Scripture, when disengaged from theological formulas, have a nearer way to the hearts of the poor." (p.424.) Even "in Missions to the heathen, Scripture is to be treated as the expression of universal truths, rather than of the tenets of particular men and Churches." (p.423.) It is anticipated that this "would remove many obstacles to the reception of Christianity." (Ibid.) "It is not the Book of Scripture which we should seek to give the heathen;" "but the truth of the Book; the mind of Christ and His Apostles, in which all lesser details and differences should be lost and absorbed;" "the purer light or element of Religion, of which Christianity is the expression." (p.427.) . . . . Such is the ghostly phantom, by the aid of which the Heathen are to become evangelized!
But this historical Bible is not to be regarded as the rule of a man's life, or indeed as an external Law at all. (pp.36, 45.) "We walk now by Reason and Conscience alone." (p.21.) The Bible is to be identified "with the voice of Conscience," (p.45,) -- which it has "to evoke, not to override." (p.44.) "The principle of private judgment . . . makes Conscience the supreme interpreter." (p.45.) Ours is "a law which is not imposed upon us by another power, but by our own enlightened will:" (p.35:) for the "Spirit, or Conscience" "legislates" henceforth "without appeal except to himself." (p.31.)
Having thus disposed of "Traditional Christianity," (p.1560 it is not obscurely hinted that something quite different is to be substituted in its place. And first, next to "a frank appeal to Reason, and a frank criticism of Scripture," (p.174,) the nature and "office of the Church is to be properly understood." (p.194.)
The Church then is a spontaneous development of the State, as "part of its own organization," (p.195,) -- a purely secular Institution. The State will "develop itself into a Church" by "throwing its elements, or the best of them, into another mould; and constituting out of them a Society, which is in it, though in some sense not of it (?), -- which is another (?), yet the same." (p.194.) The nation must provide, from time to time, that the teaching of one age does "not traditionally harden, so as to become an exclusive barrier in a subsequent one; and so the moral growth of those who are committed to the hands of the Church be checked." (Ibid.) The Church is founded, therefore, not upon "tile possession of a supernaturally communicated speculation (!) concerning God," but "upon the manifestation of a Divine Life in Man." "Speculative doctrines should be left to philosophical schools. A national Church must be concerned with the ethical development of its members." (p.195.) It should be "free from dogmatic tests, and similar intellectual bondage;" (p.168;) hampered by no Doctrines, pledged to no Creeds. These may be retained indeed; but "we refuse to be bound by them." (p.4d.) The Subscription of the Clergy to the Articles should also be abolished: for "no promise can reach fluctuations of opinion, and personal conviction." (!!!) Open heretical teaching may, to be sure, be dealt with by the Law; but the Law "should not require any act which appears to signify I think.'" (p.189.) Witness "the reluctance of the stronger minds to enter an Order in which their intellects may not have free play." (p.190.) . . . Such then is the Negative Religion! Such is the new faith which Doctors Temple and Williams, Professors Powell and Jowett, Messieurs Wilson, Goodwin, and Pattison, have deliberately combined to offer to the acceptance of the World!
It is high time to conclude. I cannot lay down my pen however until I have re-echoed the sentiments of one with whom I heartily agree. I allude to Dr. Moberly; who professes that he is "struck almost more with what seems to him the hardheartedness, and exceeding unkindness of this book, than with its unsoundness. Have the writers," (he asks,) "considered how far the suggesting of innumerable doubts, -- doubts unargued and unproved, -- will check honest devotion, and embolden timid sin? For whom do they intend this book? Is it written for the mass of general readers? Is it designed for students at the Universities? Do they suppose that this multitude of random suggestions will be carefully wrought out by these readers, and be rejected if unsound; so as to leave their faith and devotion untarnished? . . . Have they reflected how many souls for whom Christ died may be slain in their weakness by their self-styled strength?"
"Suppose, for a moment, that the Holy Scriptures are (p.177,) the Word of the Spirit of Gov, -- that the Miracles, (cf. p.109,) including the Resurrection of Christ, are actual objective facts, which have really happened, -- that the Doctrines of the Church are true, (p.195,) and the Creeds (p.355,) the authoritative expositions of them, -- and that men are to reach Salvation through faith in Christ, Virgin-born, according to the Scriptures, and making atonement (cf. p.87,) for their sins upon the Cross. On this supposition, -- Is not the publication of this book an act of real hostility to God's Truth; and one which endangers the Faith and Salvation of Men? And is this hostility less real, or the danger diminished, because the writers are, all but one, Clergymen, some of them Tutors and Schoolmasters; because they wear the dress, and use the language of friends, and threaten us with bitter opposition if we do not regard them as such [241] ?"
With this I lay down my pen. My last words shall be simple and affectionate, addressed solely to yourselves.
I trace these concluding lines, -- (of a work which, but for you, would never have been undertaken,) -- in a quite empty College; and in the room where we have so often and so happily met on Sunday evenings. Can you wonder if, at the conclusion of what has proved rather a heavy task, (so hateful to me is controversy,) my thoughts revert with affectionate solicitude to yourselves, already scattered in all directions; and to those evenings which more, I think, than any other thing, have gilded my College life? . . . In thus sending you a written farewell, and praying from my soul that God may bless and keep you all, I cannot suppress the earnest entreaty that you would remember the best words of counsel which may have at any time fallen from my lips: that you would persevere in the daily study of the pure Book of Life; and that you would read it, not as feeling yourselves called upon to sit in judgment on its adorable contents; but rather, as men who are permitted to draw near; and invited to listen, and to learn, and to live. And so farewell! . . . "Watch ye, stand fast in the Faith," -- nay, take it in the original, which is far better: -- Gregoreite, stekete en te pistei, andrizesthe, krataiousthe. panta humon en agape ginestho. He charis tou Kuriou Iesou Christou meth' humon. he agape mou meta panton humon.
Your Friend,
J. W. B.
Oriel,
June 22nd, 1861.