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SermonIndex.net : Christian Books : CHAPTER II. QUOTATIONS FROM THE LXX. IN THE NEW TESTAMENT.

An Introduction To The Old Testament In Greek Additional Notes by Henry Barclay Swete

CHAPTER II. QUOTATIONS FROM THE LXX. IN THE NEW TESTAMENT.

1. THE writings of the New Testament were the work of some nine authors, of different nationalities and antecedents. Six of them, according to the traditional belief, were Palestinian Jews; a seventh, though 'a Hebrew of Hebrew parentage,' belonged by birth to the Dispersion of Asia Minor; of the remaining two, one was possibly a Gentile from Antioch, and the other a 'Hellenist with Alexandrian proclivities.' Some diversity of practice as to the literary use of the Greek Old Testament may reasonably be expected in a collection of books having so complex an origin.

With few exceptions, the books of the New Testament abound in references to the Old Testament and in quotations from it. An exhaustive list of these may be seen at the end of Westcott and Hort's New Testament in Greek (Text, p.581 ff.), and in their text the corresponding passages are distinguished by the use of a small uncial type. But this device, though otherwise admirable , does not enable the student to distinguish direct citations from mere allusions and reminiscences; and as the distinction is important for our present purpose, we will begin by placing before him a table of passages in the Old Testament which are formally quoted by New Testament writers.

By passages formally cited we understand (1) those which are cited with an introductory formula, such as touto gegonen hina plerothe to rhethen (Mt.), houtos or kathos gegraptai, or gegraptai simply (Mt., Mc., Lc., Paul), gegrammenon estin (Jo.), Mouses (Daueid) legei or eipen, legei or eipen he graphe (Jo., Paul), or to hagion pneuma (Hebrews); (2) those which, though not announced by a formula, appear from the context to be intended as quotations, or agree verbatim with some context in the O. T.

Table of O. T. passages quoted in the N. T.

Gen. i.27 (v.2) Mt. xix.4, Mc. x.6
ii.2 Heb. iv.4
7 1 Cor. xv.45
24 Mt.

xix.5 f., Mc. x.7 f., 1 Cor. vi.16, Eph. v.31
v.24 Heb. xi.5
xii.1 Acts vii.3
3^ b (xxii.18) iii.25, Gal. iii.8
xv.5 Rom. iv.18
6 Jas. ii.23, Rom. iv.3, Gal. iii.8
13 f. Acts vii.6 f.
xvii.5 Rom. iv.17
xviii.10, 14 ix.9
xxi.10 Gal. iv.30
12 Rom. ix.7, Heb. xi.18
xxii.16 f. Heb. vi.13 f.
xxv.23 Rom. ix.12
xlvii.31 Heb. xi.21
Exod. ii.14 Acts vii.27 f.
iii.5 ff. Mt.

xxii.32, Mc. xii.26, Lc. xx.37, Acts vii.32 ff. ix.16 Rom. ix.17
xii.46 (Num. ix.12, Ps. xxxiii.20) John xix.36
xiii.12 Lc. ii.23
xvi.4, 15 (Ps. lxxvii.24) John vi.31 ff.
18 2 Cor. viii.15
xix.13 Heb. xii.20
xx.12 -- 17 (Deut. v.16 ff.) Mt.

v.21, 27, xv.4 -- 6, xix.18 f., Mc. vii.10, x.19, Lc. xviii.20, James ii.11, Rom. vii.7, xiii.9, Eph. vi.2 f.
xxi.16 (17) xv.4, Mc. vii.10

xxi.24 (Lev. xiv.20, Deut. xix.21) v.38
xxii.28 Acts xxiii.5
xxiv.8 Heb. ix.19 f.
xxv.40 viii.5
xxxii.1 Acts vii.40
6 1 Cor. x.7
xxxiii.19 Rom. ix.15
Lev. xi.44. f. (xix.2, xx.7, 26) 1 Pet. i.16
xii.6, 8 Lc. ii.22 ff.
xviii.5 (2 Esdr. xix.29) Rom. x.5, Gal. iii.12
xix.18 Mt.

v.43, xix.19, xxii.39, Mc. xii.31, Lc. x.27, James ii.8, Rom. xiii.9, Gal. v.14
xxvi.11 f. (Ezek. xxxvii.27 ) 2 Cor. vi.16
Num. xvi.5 2 Tim. ii.19
Deut. iv.35 Mc. xii.32
vi.4 f. Mt.

xxii.37f., Mc. xii.29 -- 33, Lc. x.27
13, 16 iv.7,, 10, Lc. iv.8, 12
viii.3 iv.4, Lc. iv.4
ix.19 Heb. xii.21 (?)
xviii.15, 18 f. Acts iii.22 f., vii.37
xix.15 Mt. xviii.16, Jo. viii.17, 2 Cor. xiii.1 xxi.23 Gal. iii.13
xxiv.1 Mt. v.31, xix.7, Mc. x.4
xxv.4 1 Cor. ix.9, 1 Tim. v.18
xxvii.26 Gal. iii.10
xxix.4 Rom. xi.8
18 Heb. xii.15
xxx.12 -- 14 Rom. x.6 -- 8
xxxi.6, 8 (Jos. i.5) Heb. xiii.5
xxxii.21 Rom. x.19
35 xii.19, Heb. x.30
36 (Ps. cxxxiv.14) Heb. x.30
43 (Ps. xcvi.7) i.6
2 Regn. vii.8, 14 2 Cor. vi.18, Heb. i.5
3 Regn. xix.10, 14, 18 Rom. xi.3 f.
Psalm ii.1 f. Acts iv.25 f.
7 xiii.33, Heb. i.5, v.5
viii.2 Mt. xxi.16
5 -- 7 1 Cor. xv.27, Heb. ii.6 -- 8

xiii.3 (v.10, ix.28, xxxv.2, lii.1 -- 3, cxxxix.4, Isa. lix.7 f.) Rom. iii.10 -- 18

xv.8 -- 11 Acts ii.25 -- 28
xvii.50 Rom. xv.9
xviii.5 x.18
xxi.2 Mt. xxvii.46, Mc. xv.34
9 xxvii.43
19 Jo. xix.24
23 Heb. ii.12
xxiii.1 1 Cor. x.26
xxxi.1 f. Rom. iv.6 -- 8
xxxiii.13 -- 17 1 Pet. iii.10 -- 12
xxxiv.19 (lxviii.5) Jo. xv.25
xxxix.7 -- 9 Heb. x.5 -- 7
xl.10 Jo. xiii.18
xliii.22 Rom. viii.36
xliv.7 f. Heb. i.8 f.
l.6 Rom. iii.4
liv.23 1 Pet. v.7
lxvii.19 Eph. iv.8
lxviii.10 Jo. ii.17, Rom. xv.3
23 f. Rom. xi.9 f.
26 Acts i.20
lxxvii.2 Mt. xiii.35
lxxxi.6 Jo. x.34
lxxxviii.21 Acts xiii.22
xc.11 f. Mt. iv.6, Lc. iv.10 f.
xciii.11 1 Cor. iii.20
xciv.8 -- 11 Heb. iii.7 -- 11
ci.26 -- 28 i.10 -- 12
ciii.4 i.7
cviii.8 Acts i.20
cix.1 Mt.

xxii.44, Mc. xii.36, Lc. xx.42 f., Acts ii.34f., Heb. i.13 4 Heb. v.6 (vii.17, 21)
cxi.9 2 Cor. ix.9
cxv.1 iv.13
cxvi.1 Rom. xv.11
cxvii.6 Heb. xiii.6
22 f. Mt.

xxi.42, Mc. xii.10 f., Lc. xx.17, 1 Pet. ii.7
Prov. iii.11 f. Heb. xii.5 f.
34 Jas. iv.6, 1 Pet. v.5
xi.31 1 Pet. iv.18
xxv.21 f. Rom. xii.20
xxvi.11 2 Pet. ii.22
Job v.13 1 Cor. iii.19
Hos. i.10 Rom. ix.26

ii.23 ix.25
vi.6 Mt. ix.13, xii.7
xi.1 ii.15
xiii.14 1 Cor. xv.55 f.
Amos v.25, 27 Acts vii.42 f.
ix.11 f. xv.15 -- 17
Mic. v.2 Mt. ii.5 f. (Jo. vii.42)
Joel ii.28 -- 32 Acts ii.17 -- 21
Hab. i.5 xiii.41
ii.3 f. Rom. i.17, Gal. iii.11, Heb. x.37 f.
Zech. iii.2 Jude 9
ix.9 Mt. xxi.5, Jo. xii.15
xi.13 xxvii.9 f.
Mal. i.2 f. Rom. ix.13
iii.1 Mt. xi.10, Mc. i.2, Lc. vii.27
Isa. i.9 Rom. ix.29
vi.9 f. Mt. xiii.14 f., Mc. iv.12, Lc. viii.10, Jo. xii.40 f., Acts xxviii.26 f.
vii.14 i.23
viii.14 Rom. ix.33, 1 Pet. ii.8
17 Heb. ii.13
ix.1 f. Mt. iv.15 f.
x.22 f. Rom. ix.27 f.
xi.10 xv.12
xxii.13 1 Cor. xv.32
xxv.8 54
xxviii.11 f. xiv.21
16 Rom. ix.33, x.11, 1 Pet. ii.6
xxix.10 xi.8
13 Mt. xv.8 f., Mc. vii.6 f.
14 1 Cor. i.19
xl.3 -- 5 Mt. iii.3, Mc. i.3, Lc. iii.4 -- 6, Jo.1.23 6 -- 8 1 Pet. i.24 f.
13 f. Rom. xi.34 f., 1 Cor. ii.16
xlii.1 -- 4 Mt. xii.18 -- 21
xlv.23 Rom. xiv.11
xlix.6 Acts xiii.47
8 2 Cor. vi.2
lii.5 Rom. ii.24
7 (Nah. i.15) x.15
11 2 Cor. vi.17

lii.15 Rom. xv.21
liii.1 Jo. xii.38, Rom. x.16 4 Mt. viii.17
5 f. 1 Pet. ii.24 f.
7 f. Acts viii.32 f.
12 Mc. xv.28, Lc. xxii.37
liv.1 Gal. iv.27
13 Jo. vi.45
lv.3 Acts xiii.34
lvi.7 Mt. xxi.13, Mc. xi.17, Lc. xix.46 lix.20 f. Rom. xi.26 f.
lxi.1 f. Lc. iv.18 f.
lxiv.4 1 Cor. ii.9 (?)
lxv.1 f. Rom. x.20 f.
lxvi.1 f. Acts vii.49 f.
24 Mc. ix.48
Jer. vii.11 Mt. xxi.13, Mc. xi.17, Lc. xix.46 ix.23 f. (1 Regn. ii.10) 1 Cor. i.31, 2 Cor. x.17 xxxviii.15 Mt. ii.18
31 -- 34 Heb. viii.8 -- 12
Dan. xii.11 (ix.27, xi.31) Mt. xxiv.15, Mc. xiii.14

Thus upon a rough estimate the passages directly quoted from the Old Testament by writers of the New Testament are 160. Of these 51 belong to the Pentateuch, 46 to the Poetical Books, and 61 to the Prophets. Among single books the Psalter supplies 40 and Isaiah 38; i.e. nearly half of the passages expressly cited in the N.T, come from one or other of these two sources.

2. The table already given shews the extent to which the Old Testament is directly cited in the New. In that which follows the comparison is inverted, and the student will be able to see at a glance how the quotations are distributed among the several groups of writings of which the New Testament is made up.

(1) Quotations in the Synoptic Gospels.

Mt. Mc. Lc. O.T.
i.23 Isa. vii.14
ii.23 Exod. xiii.12
ii.6 Mic. v.2
15 Hos. xi.1
16 Jer. xxxviii.15
iii.3 i.3 iii.4 -- 6 Isa. xl.3 -- 5
iv.4 iv. 4 Deut. viii.3
6 10 f. Ps. xc.11 f.
7 12 Deut. vi.16
10 8 13
15 f. Isa. ix.1 f.
v.21 Exod. xx.13
27 14
31 Deut. xxiv.1
33 Num. xxx.3 (cf. Deut. xxiii.21)
38 Exod. xxi.24
43 Lev. xix.18
viii.17 Isa. liii.4
ix.13 (xii.7) Hos. vi.6
xi.10 i.2 vii.27 Mal. iii.1
xii.7 Hos. vi.6
18 -- 21 Isa. xlii.1
xiii.14 f. vi.9 f.
35 Ps. lxxvii.2
iv.18 f. Isa. lxi.1 ff. + lviii.6
xv.4 vii.10 Exod. xx.12, xxi.17
8 f. 6 Isa. xxix.13
ix.48 lxvi.24
xix.5 f. x.6 -- 8 Gen. i.27 + ii.24
18 f. x.19 xviii.20 f. Exod. xx.12 -- 17
xxi.4 f. Zech. ix.9 + Isa. lxii.11
13 xi.17 xix.46 Isa. lvi.7 + Jer. vii.11
16 Ps. viii.2
42 xii.10 xx.17 cxvii.22 f.
xxii.24 19 28 Deut. xxv.5 (cf. Gen. xxxviii.8) 32 26 37 Exod. iii.6
37 29 f. x.27^ a Deut. vi.4 f.
39 31 27^ b Lev. xix.18
32 Deut. iv.35
44 36 xx.42 f. Ps. cix.1
xxiv.15 xiii.14 Dan. xii.11
xxii.37 Isa. liii.12
xxvi.31 xiv.27 Zech. xiii.7
xxvii.9 f. xi.13
46 xv.34 Ps. xxi.1

(2) Quotations in the Fourth Gospel.

Jo. i.23 Isa. xl.3
ii.17 Ps. lxviii.10
vi.31 Exod. xvi.4, 15 (Ps. lxxvii.24 f.)
45 Isa. liv.13
x.34 Ps. lxxxi.6
xii.15 Ezech. ix.9
38 Isa. liii.1
40 vi.10
xiii.16 Ps. xl. (xli.) 10
xv.25 xxxiv.19 (lxviii.5)
xix.24 xxi.19
36 Exod. xii.46 (Num. ix.12, Ps. xxxiii.21)
37 Zech. xii.10

(3) Quotations in the Acts.

Acts i.20 Ps. lxviii.26 + cviii.8 ii.17 -- 21 Joel ii.28 -- 32
25 -- 28 Ps. xv.8 -- 11
34 f. cix.1
iii.22 f. (vii.27) Deut. xviii.15, 18 f.
25 Gen. xii.3 + xxii.18
iv.25 f. Ps. ii.1 f.
vii.3 Gen. xii.1
6 f. xv.13 f.
27 f., 35 Exod. ii.14
33 f. iii.6 -- 8
40 xxxii.23
42 f. Amos v.25 -- 27
49 f. Isa. lxvi.1 f.
viii.32 f. liii.7 f.
xiii.22 Ps. lxxxviii.21 etc.
33 ii.7
34 Isa. lv.3
35 Ps. xv.10
41 Hab. i.5
47 Isa. xlix.6
xv.16 -- 18 Jer. xii.15 + Amos ix.11 f. + Isa. xlv.21 xxviii.26 f. Isa. vi.9 f.

(4) Quotations in the Catholic Epistles.

James ii.8 Lev. xix.18
11 Exod. xx.13 f.
23 Gen. xv.6
iv.6 Prov. iii.34
1 Peter i.24 f. Isa. xl.6 -- 9
ii.6 xxviii.16
iii.10 -- 12 Ps. xxxiii.12 -- 17
iv.18 Prov. xi.31
v.7 Ps. liv.23
2 Peter ii.22 Prov. xxvi.11
Jude 9 Zech. iii.2

(5) Quotations in the Epistles of St Paul

Rom. i.17 Hab. ii.4
ii.24 Isa. lii.5
iii.4 Ps. l.6
10 -- 18 xiii.1 -- 3
20 cxlii.2
iv.3, 22 Gen. xv.6
7 f. Ps. xxxi.1 f.
17 Gen. xvii.5
18 xv.5
vii.7 Exod. xx.14, 17
viii.36 Ps. xliii.23
ix.7 Gen. xxi.12
9 xviii.10
12 xxv.23
13 Mal. i.2 f.
15 Exod. xxxiii.19
17 ix.16
26 Hos. i.10
27 Isa. x.22 f.
29 i.9
33 viii.1 + xxviii.16
x.6 -- 9 Deut. xxx.11 -- 14
15 Isa. lii.7 (Nah. i.15)
16 liii.1
18 Ps. xviii.5
19 Deut. xxxii.21
20 f. Isa. lxv.1 f.

xi.1 f. Ps. xciii.14
3 f. 3 Regn. xix.10, 14, 18
8 Isa. xxix.10 + Deut. xxix.4
9 Ps. lxviii.23 f. + xxxiv.8
26 f. Isa. lix.20 + xxvii.9
34 f. xl.13
xii.20 f. Prov. xxv.21 f.
xiii.9 Exod. xx.13 ff., Lev. xix.18
xiv.11 Isa. xlv.23
xv.3 Ps. lxviii.10
9 xvii.50 (2 Regn. xxii.50)
10 Deut. xxxii.43
11 Ps. cxvi.1
12 Isa. xi.10
21 lii.15
1 Cor. i.19 xxix.14
31 Jer. ix.24
ii.9 Isa. lxiv.4 + lxv.17 (?)
20 Ps. xciii.11
vi.16 Gen. ii.24
ix.9 Deut. xxv.4
x.7 Exod. xxxii.6
26 Ps. xxiii.1
xiv.21 Isa. xxviii.11 f.
xv.32 xxii.13
45 Gen. ii.7
54 f. Isa. xxv.8 + Hos. xiii.14
2 Cor. iv.13 Ps. cxv.1
vi.2 Isa. xlix.8
16 ff. Ezek. xxxvii.27 + Isa. lii.11
viii.15 Exod. xvi.18
ix.9 Ps. cxi.9
x.17 Jer. ix.24
Gal. ii.16 Ps. cxlii.2
iii.6 Gen. xv.6
8 xii.3
10 Deut. xxvii.26
11 Hab. ii.4
12 Lev. xviii.5
13 Deut. xxi.23
iv.27 Isa. liv.1
30 Gen. xxi.10
v.14 Lev. xix.18
Eph. iv.8 Ps. lxviii.19
25 Zech. viii.16

iv.26 Ps. iv.5
v.31 Gen. ii.24
vi.2 Exod. xx.12
1 Tim. v.18 Deut. xxv.4
2 Tim. ii.19 Num. xvi.5

(6) Quotations in the Epistle to the Hebrews.

Heb. i.5 Ps. ii.7 (2 Regn. vii.14) 6 xcvi.7 (Deut. xxxii.43)
7 ciii.4
8 f. xliv.7 f.
10 -- 12 ci.26 -- 28
13 cix.1
ii.6 -- 8 viii.5 -- 7
12 xxi.23
13 Isa. viii.17 f.
iii.7 -- 12 Ps. xciv.8 -- 11
iv.4 Gen. ii.2
v.6 (vii.17, 21) Ps. cix.4
vi.13 f. Gen. xxii.16 f.
viii.5 Exod. xxv.40
8 -- 13, x.16 f. Jer. xxxviii.31 -- 34
ix.20 Exod. xxiv.8
x.5 -- 10 Ps. xxxix.7 -- 9
30 Deut. xxxii.35 f.
37 Hab. ii.3 f.
xi.5 Gen. v.24
18 xxi.12
21 xlvii.31
xii.5 f. Prov. iii.11 f.
15 Deut. xxix.18
20 Exod. xix.12 f.
26 Hagg. ii.6
xiii.5 Deut. xxxi.6, 8
6 Ps. cxvii.6

Some interesting results follow from an inspection of these lists. (1) The Synoptic Gospels have 46 distinct quotations (Mt.40, Mc.19, Lc.17), of which 18 are peculiar to Mt., 3 to Mc., 3 to Lc. There are 10 which are common to the three, 3 common to Mt. and Mc., 4 to Mt. and Lc., but none which are shared by Mc. and Lc. to the exclusion of Mt. (2) Of the 12 quotations in the Fourth Gospel, 3 only are also in the Synoptists. (3) The 23 quotations in the Acts occur almost exclusively in the speeches. (4) The Johannine Epistles do not quote the O. T. at all, and the other Catholic Epistles contain few direct citations. (5) Of 78 quotations in St Paul, 71 are in the four first Epistles (Romans 42, 1 -- 2 Corinthians 19, Galatians 10); there are none in the Epistles of the Roman captivity, with the exception of Ephesians, which has five. (6) The Epistle to the Hebrews quotes 28 passages, of which 21 are not cited in any other N. T. writing . (7) The Apocalypse does not quote, but its language is full of O. T. phraseology to an extent unparalleled in the other books.

3. Hitherto no account has been taken of the relation which the N. T. quotations bear to the Alexandrian version, although for the sake of convenience the references to the O. T. have been given according to the order and numeration of the Greek Bible. We may now address ourselves to this further question; and it may at once be said that every part of the N. T. affords evidence of a knowledge of the LXX., and that a great majority of the passages cited from the O. T. are in general agreement with the Greek version. It is calculated by one writer on the subject that, while the N. T. differs from the Massoretic text in 212 citations, it departs from the LXX. in 185 ; and by another that |not more than fifty| of the citations |materially differ from the LXX. | On either estimate the LXX. is the principal source from which the writers of the N. T. derived their O. T. quotations.

More may be learnt by patiently examining the details of the evidence. This cannot be done here in full, but we may point out the method to be pursued in such an investigation, and its chief results.

Each group of the N. T. writings must be interrogated separately. (a) Beginning with the Synoptic Gospels, we observe that the quotations partly occur in narratives or dialogue which are common to the Synoptists or to two of them, and are partly due to the individual writer. Between these two classes of quotations there is a marked contrast. Citations belonging to the common narrative, or to sayings reported by all the Synoptists, or to two of them, with few exceptions adhere closely to the LXX., the differences being only textual or in the way of omission.

Some examples will make this clear. (1) Citations common to Mt., Mc., Lc. Mt. xxi.13 = Mc. xi.17 = Lc. xix.46 = LXX., Mc. alone completing the verse. Mt. xxi.42 = Mc. xii.10 = Lc. xx.17 = LXX., Lc. omitting para Kuriou ktl. Mt. xxii.37 = Mc. xii.29 f. = Lc. x.27^a = LXX., with variants . Mt. xxii.39 = Mc. xii.31 = Lc. x.27^ b = LXX. Mt. xxii.44 = Mc. xii.36 = Lc. xx.42 f., = LXX. with the variant hupokato in Mt., Mc. (2) Citations common to Mt., Mc. Mt. xv.4 = Mc. vii.10 = LXX., cod. A. Mt. xv.8 f. = Mc. vii.6 = LXX., with variants . Mt. xix.5 f. = Mc. x.6 ff. = LXX., Mc. omitting proskolletheseeai ktl. Mt. xxiv.15 = Mc. xiii.14 = LXX. and Th. Mt. xxvi.31 = Mc. xiv.27 (omitting tes poimnes) = LXX., cod. A, with one important variant not found in any MS. of the LXX.; cod. B has quite a different text . (3) Citations common to Mt., Lc. Mt. iv.4 = Lc. iv.4 = LXX., Lc. omitting the second half of the quotation. Mt. iv.6 = Lc. iv.10 f. = LXX., except that the clause tou diaphulaxai is omitted by Mt. and in part by Lc. Mt. iv.7 = Lc. iv.12 = LXX. Mt. iv.10 = Lc. iv.8 = LXX.., cod. A.

Thus it appears that of 14 quotations which belong to this class only two (Mt. xv.8 f., xxvi.31) depart widely from the LXX. But when we turn from the quotations which belong to the common narrative to those which are peculiar to one of the Synoptists, the results are very different.

In Mt. there are 16 quotations which are not to be found in Mc. or Lc. (Mt. i.23, ii.6, 15, 18, iv.15 f., v.33, 38, 43, viii.17, ix.13 = xii.7, xii.18 ff., xiii.14 f., 35, xxi.4 f., 16, xxvii.9 f.). Of these 4 (v.38, ix.13, xiii.14 f., xxi.16) are in the words of the LXX. with slight variants; 4 exhibit important variants, and the remaining 7 bear little or no resemblance to the Alexandrian Greek . Neither Mc. nor Lc. has any series of independent quotations; Mc. ix.48, xii.32 are from the LXX., but shew affinities to the text of cod. A; Lc. iv.18 f. differs from the LXX. in important particulars.

It may be asked whether the quotations in the Synoptists which do not agree with our present text of the LXX., or with its relatively oldest type, imply the use of another Greek version. Before an answer to this question can be attempted, it is necessary to distinguish carefully between the causes which have produced variation. It may be due to (a) loose citation, or to (b) the substitution of a gloss for the precise words which the writer professes to quote, or to (c) a desire to adapt a prophetic context to the circumstances under which it was thought to have been fulfilled, or to (d) the fusing together of passages drawn from different contexts. Of the variations which cannot be ascribed to one or other of these causes, some are (e) recensional, whilst others are (f) translational, and imply an independent use of the original, whether by the Evangelist, or by the author of some collection of excerpts which he employed.

The following may be taken as specimens of these types of variation. (a) Mt. ii.18, xxi.4f.; (b) Mt. ii.6, xxvii.9f.; (c) Mt. ii.15; (d) Lc. iv.18 f.; (e) Mt. xii.18 ff., Mc. xii.29f.; (f) Mt. xiii.35^b. But more than one cause of divergence may have been at work in the same quotation, and it is not always easy to decide which is paramount; e.g. in Mt. ii.15 the substitution of ton huion mou for ta tekna autes may be due either to the Evangelist's desire to adapt the prophecy to the event, or to a correction of the LXX. from the Heb. (lvny).

The three last-named causes of variation need to be considered at some length.

(1) A few of the Synoptic quotations are manifestly composite. E.g. Mt. xxi.4 f., which is mainly from Zech. ix.9, opens with a clause from Isa. lxii.11 (eipate te thugatri Sion Idou). Lc. iv.18 f., which is professedly an extract from a synagogue lesson Isa. lxi.1 ff., inserts in the heart of that context a clause from Isa. lviii.6 (aposteilai tethrausmenous en aphesei). Still more remarkable is the fusion in Mc. i.2 f., where, under the heading kathos gegraptai en to Esaia to prophete, we find Mal. iii.1 + Isa. xl.3 . Here the parallel passages in Mt., Lc., quote Isaiah only, using Malachi in another context (Mt. xi.10, Lc. vii.27).

(2) there is a considerable weight of evidence in favour of the belief that the Evangelists employed a recension of the LXX. which came nearer to the text of cod. A than to that of our oldest uncial B. This point has been recently handled in Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift f. Wissenschaftliche Theologie , by Dr W. Staerk, who shews that the witness of the N. T. almost invariably goes with codd. 'AF and Lucian against the Vatican MS., and that its agreement with cod. A is especially close . It may of course be argued that the text of these authorities has been influenced by the N. T. ; but the fact that a similar tendency is noticeable in Josephus, and to a less extent in Philo, goes far to discount this objection. Still more remarkable is the occasional tendency in N. T. quotations to support Theodotion against the LXX. Some instances have been given already; we may add here Mt. xii.18 = Isa. xlii. i:

Mt. LXX. Th.
idou ho pais mou hon heretisa, ho agapetos mou hon eudokesen he psuche mou. Iakob ho pais mou antilempsomai autou; Israel ho eklektos mou, prosedexato auton he psuche mou. idou ho pais mou, antilempsomai autou; ho eklektos mou hon eudokesen he psuche mou.

Such coincidences lend some probability to the supposition that Theodotion's version bears a relation to the recension of the Alexandrian Greek which was in the hands of the early Palestinian Church.

(3) Certain quotations in the First Gospel are either independent of the LXX., or have been but slightly influenced by it. These require to be studied separately, and, as they are but few, they are printed below and confronted with the LXX.

Mt. ii.6 Mic. v.2, 4
kai su, Bethleem, ge Iouda, oudamos elachiste ei en tois hegemosin Iouda· ek sou gar exeleusetai hegoumenos, hostis poimanei ton laon mou Israel. kai su, Bethleem, oikos Ephratha, oligostos ei tou einai en chiliasin Iouda; ex hou moi exeleusetai tou einai eis archonta tou Israel . . . kai poimanei . . .
oudamos] me D ek sou] ex ou (B*)'C(D) om gar '* ex ou ek sou B^ b?cAQ exeleusetai] + egoumenos A

On the relation of the LXX. in this passage to the M. T. see above p.338. Chiliasin, hegemosin answer to different vocalisations of 'lphy, but oudamos elachiste ei and hegoumenos hostis p. ton l. mou are paraphrastic. The Evangelist has put into the mouth of the Scribes an interpretation rather than a version of the prophecy.

Mt. iv.15 f. Isa. ix.1 f.
ge Zaboulon kai ge Nephthaleim, hodon thalasses, peran tou Iordanou, Galeilaia ton ethnon, ho laos ho kathemenos en skotia phos eiden mega; kai tois kathemenois en chora kai skia thanatou phos aneteilen autois. chora Zaboulon, he ge Nephthaleim, kai hoi loipoi hoi ten paralian kai peran tou Iordanou, Galeilaia ton ethnon. ho laos ho poreuomenos en skotei, idete phos mega; hoi katoikountes en chora skia thanatou, phos lampsei eph' humas.
oi kathemenoi D kai skia] om kai D* Nephthaleim] + odon thalasses '^ c.aAQ (Aq. Th.) paralian] + katoikountes '^ c.aAQ poreuomenos] kathemenos A skia] pr kai '^ c.aAQG

Here Mt. differs widely both from LXX. and M. T., yet he has points of agreement with both. The influence of LXX. is seen in ge Z., G. ton ethnon, chora [kai] skia. On the other hand hodon thalasses, eiden, autois agree with M.T. The writer quotes from memory, or from a collection of loosely cited testimonia.

Mt. viii.17 Isa. liii.4
autos tas astheneias hemon elaben kai tas nosous ebastasen houtos tas hamartias hemon pherei kai peri hemon odunatai.

Mt.'s version is based upon Heb., from which the LXX. departs. Cf. Symm.: tas hamartias hemon autos anelaben kai tous ponous hupemeinen.

Mt. xiii.35 Ps. lxxvii.2
anoixo en parabolais to stoma mou; ereuxomai kekrummena apo kataboles. anoixo en parabolais to stoma mou; phthenxomai problemata ap' arches. kataboles] + kosmou '*CD

V.35^ a in Mt. follows the LXX. verbatim, while 35^ b is an independent rendering of the Heb. The departure from the LXX. in the second half of the text is not altogether for the sake of exactness; if ereuxomai is nearer to 'byh than phthenxomai, apo kataboles introduces a conception which has no place in mnyqdm, and in this sense the Greek phrase is practically limited to the N. T. (see Hort on 1 Pet. i.20).

Mt. xxvii.9 f. Zach. xi.13
kai elabon . . . ten timen tou tetimemenou hon etimesanto apo huion Israel, kai edokan auta eis ton agron tou kerameos, katha sunetaxen moi Kurios. kai eipen Kurios pros me Kathes autous eis to choneuterion kai skepsomai ei dokimon estin, hon tropon edokimasthen huper auton. kai elabon . . . kai enebalon autous eis ton oikon Kuriou eis to choneuterion.
edoken A*^ vid edoka ' edokimasthen B*^ fort'AQ

Mt. has re-arranged this passage, and given its sense, without regard to the order or construction of the original. In doing this he has abandoned the LXX. altogether, and approximates to the Heb.; cf. Aq. he timen hen etimethen huper auton.

In these five passages the compiler of the first Gospel has more or less distinctly thrown off the yoke of the Alexandrian version and substituted for it a paraphrase, or an independent rendering from the Hebrew. But our evidence does not encourage the belief that the Evangelist used or knew another complete Greek version of the Old Testament, or of any particular book. It is to be observed that he uses this liberty only in quotations which proceed from himself, if we except the references to the O. T. in the Sermon on the Mount (Mt. v.21, 27, 31, 33, 38, 43) which are hardly of the nature of strict citations; the formula errethe tois archaiois distinguishes them from that class, and suggests that they purport only to give the general sense.

(b) The Fourth Gospel quotes the LXX. verbatim, or with slight variants, in cc. ii.17, x.34, xii.38, xix.24, 36; and more freely in vi.31, 45, xv.25. In other places the author takes a more or less independent course: e.g. in i.23, quoting Isa. xl.3 he writes euthunate ten hodon Kuriou for etoimasate t. ho. K., eutheias poieite tas tribous tou theou hemon (cf. Mt. iii.3, Mc. i.3, Lc. iii.4); in xii.40, Isa. vi.9, 10 is paraphrased tetuphloken auton tous ophthalmous kai eporosen auton ten kardian, which agrees neither with the LXX. nor with M.T.; in xix.37 opsontai eis hon exekentesan is a non-Septuaginta rendering of Zach. xii.10, which was perhaps current in Palestine, since eis hon exekentesan appears also in Theodotion (cf. Aq., Symm., and Apoc. i.7) .

(c) The quotations from the O. T. in the Acts are taken from the LXX. exclusively. With the exception of the perioche in c. viii.32 , they occur only in the speeches. A few points deserve special notice. In vii.43 (= Amos v.26) the LXX. is followed against M.T. (Rhaipha(n) or Rhaiphan, kyvn). Similarly in xiii.34 (= Isa. lv.3) ta hosia Daueid is read with the LXX. for chsdy dvd. C. xiii.22 is a conflation of Ps. lxxxviii.21 + lxxi.20 + 1 Regn. xiii.14 + Isa. xliv.28. C. xv.16 ff., which is introduced by the formula touto sumphonousin hoi logoi ton propheton, kathos gegraptai, presents a remarkable instance of free citation accompanied by conflation, which calls for separate study.

Acts xv.16 ff. Jer. xii.15 + Amos ix.11 f.
meta tauta anastrepso kai anoikodomeso ten skenen Daueid ten peptokuian, kai ta kateskammena autes anoikodomeso kai anorthoso auten, hopos an ekzetesosin hoi kataloipoi ton anthropon ton kurion kai panta ta ethne eph' ohus epikekletai to onoma mou ep' autous, legei Kurios ho poion tauta * * * . meta to ekbalein me autous epistrepso . . . anasteso ten skenen Daueid ten peptokuian . . . kai ta kateskammena autes anasteso kai anoikodomeso auten kathos hai hemerai tou aionos, hopos ekzetesosin hoi kataloipoi ton anthropon, kai panta ta ethne eph' ohus epikekletai to onoma mou ep' autous, legei Kurios ho poion tauta. katestrammena] kateskammena ACD kateskammena] katestrammena A?^bO opos] + an A anthropon] + ton kurion A

The combination in this quotation of looseness with close adherence to the LXX. even where it is furthest from the Heb. (e.g. in hopos ekzetesosin ktl.) is significant, especially when it is remembered that the speaker is St James of Jerusalem.

(d) The Catholic Epistles use the LXX. when they quote the O.T. expressly, and with some exceptions keep fairly close to the Alexandrian Greek. Thus Jas. ii.8, 11 , 23, iv.6, 1 Pet. i.24 , iv.18, v.5, are substantially exact.1 Pet. ii.6 differs from the LXX. of Isa. xxviii.16.1 Pet. iii.10 ff., an unacknowledged extract from Ps. xxxiii.12 ff., is adapted to the context by a slight change in the construction, but otherwise generally follows the LXX.: thelon zoen agapan kai idein hemeras agathas for thelon z., agapon id. hem. agathas is probably a slip, shewing that the writer was quoting from memory. In 2 Pet. ii.22 (= Prov. xxvi.11) kuon epistrepsas epi to idion exerama is nearer to the Heb. than k. hotan epelthe epi ton heautou emeton, and appears to be an independent rendering.

(e) More than half of the direct quotations from the O.T. in the Epistles of St Paul are taken from the LXX. without material change (Rom. i.17, ii.24, iii.4, iv.7 f., 18, vii.7, viii.36, ix.7, 12, 13, 15, 26, x.6 ff., 16, 18, 19, 20 f., xi.26 f., 34f., xii.20 f., xiii.9, xv.3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 21; 1 Cor. iii.20, vi.16, x.7, 26, xv.32; 2 Cor. iv.13, vi.2, viii.15, ix.9; Gal. iii.6, 10, 11, 12, iv.27, v.14; Eph. iv.16; 2 Tim. ii.19). A smaller proportion skew important variants (Rom. iii.20 = Gal. ii.16 pasa sarx for pas zon LXX.; ix.9 kata ton kairon touton eleusomai, kai estai te Sarra huios for hexo . . . kata ton kairon touton . . . kai hexei huion Sarra LXX.; ix.17 eis auto touto exegeira se for heneken toutou dieterethes, and dunamin for ischun LXX. ; ix.27 ho arithmos ton huion I., epi tes ges; xiv.11 zo ego for kat' emautou omnuo, exomologesetai to theo for omeitai ton theon LXX.; 1 Cor. i.19 atheteso for krupso LXX.; Gal. iii.8 panta ta ethne for pasai hai phulai tes ges LXX.; iii.13 epikataratos (cf. v.20) for kekataramenos LXX.; Eph. iv.8 edoken domata tois anthropois for elabes d. en anthropo LXX.; iv.25 meta tou plesion for pros ton pl. LXX.; v.31 anti toutou for heneken t., om. autou 1º, 2º; cf. Mt. xix.5 f., Mc. x.7 f.; vi.3 kai ese makrochronios for k. ina makrochr. gene).

In other passages St Paul departs still further from the LXX., quoting freely, or paraphrasing, or fusing two distinct passages into a single citation, or occasionally deserting the Alexandrian version altogether. Examples of loose quotations or of paraphrases will be found in Rom. ix.27, xi.3, 4, 1 Cor. xv.45, Gal. iv.30; conflation occurs in Rom. iii.10 ff. , ix.33, xi.8, 9, 26 f.; 1 Cor. xv.54 f., 2 Cor. vi.16 ff.

The following instances will shew how far reconstruction is carried in cases of conflation.

Rom. ix.33 idou tithemi en Sion lithon proskommatos kai petran skandalou; kai ho pisteuon ep' auto ou kataischunthesetai Isa. viii.14 ouch hos lithou proskommati sunantesesthe oude hos petras ptomati . xxviii.16 idou ego emballo eis ta themelia Seion lithon polutele, eklekton akrogoniaion, entimon . . . kai ho pisteuon ou me kataischunthe.
Rom. xi.8 edoken autois ho theos pneuma katanuxeos, ophthalmous tou me blepein kai ota tou me akouein, heos tes semeron hemeras. Isa. xxix.10 pepotiken humas Kurios pneumati katanuxeos. Deut. xxix.4 kai ouk edoken Kurios ho theos humin kardian eidenai kai ophthalmous [tou] blepein kai ota akouein heos tes hemeras tautes.
1 Cor. ii.9 ha ophthalmos ouk eiden kai ous ouk ekousen kai epi kardian anthropou ouk anebe, hosa hetoimasen ho theos tois agaposin auton . Isa. lxiv.3 ouk ekousamen oude hoi ophthalmoi hemon eidon theon plen sou, kai ta erga sou ha poieseis tois hupomenousin eleon. lxv.17 oud' ou me epelthe auton epi kardian. agaposin] upomenousin Clem. R. i.34, 8.
1 Cor. xv.54 f. katepothe ho thanatos eis nikos. pou sou, thanate, to nikos; pou sou, thanate, to kentron; Isa. xxv.8 katepien ho thanatos ischusas Hos. xiii.14 pou he dike sou, thanate; pou to kentron sou, hade;

In some cases a wide departure from the LXX. is probably to be explained by the supposition that the Apostle quotes from memory; e.g.:

Rom. xi.2 ff.3 Regn. xix.14 ff.
ouk oidate en Eleia ti legei he graphe . . . Kurie, tous prophetas sou apekteinan, ta thusiasteria sou kateskapsan, kago hupeleiphthen monos kai zetousin ten psuchen mou. alla ti legei auto ho chrematismos; Katelipon emauto heptakischilious andras, hoitines ouk ekampsan gonu te Baal. kai eipen Eleiou . . . ta thusiasteria sou katheilan kai tous prophetas sou apekteinan . . . kai hupoleleimmai ego monotatos kai zetousi ten psuchen mou . . . kai eipen Kurios pros auton . . . kataleipseis en Israel hepta chiliadas andron, panta gonata ha ouk oklasan gonu to Baal.

The following quotation also is probably from memory , but the Apostle's knowledge of the original has enabled him to improve upon the faulty rendering of the LXX.

1 Cor. xiv.21 Isa. xxviii.11 f.
en to nomo gegraptai hoti En heteroglossois kai en cheilesin heteron laleso to lao touto, kai oud' houtos eisakousontai mou, legei Kurios dia phaulismon cheileon, dia glosses heteras; hoti lalesousin to lao touto . . . kai ouk ethelesan akouein.

Jerome, quoting these words from St Paul, rightly adds, |Quod mihi videtur iuxta Hebraicum de praesenti sumptum capitulo.| Aquila's rendering is remarkably similar, hoti en heteroglossois kai en cheilesin heterois laleso to lao touto. Theodotion unfortunately is wanting.

(f) The Ep. to the Hebrews is in great part a catena of quotations from the LXX. |The text of the quotations agrees in the main with some form of the present text of the LXX. | A considerable number of the passages are cited exactly, or with only slight variation (i.5, 8 f., 13; ii.6 ff., 13; iv.4, v.6, vi.13 f., viii.5, xi.5, 18, 21; xii.5 f., xiii.6). The writer usually follows the LXX. even when they differ materially from the Heb. (viii.8 ff. , x.5 ff. , soma de katertiso moi, 37 ean huposteiletai, xi.21 rhabdou, xii.5 mastigoi ). But he sometimes deserts both version and original, substituting a free paraphrase, or apparently citing from memory (i.6, ix.20 eneteilato, x.30 , xii, 19 f., 26). Some of his readings are interesting: in i.7 we have puros phloga for pur phlegon ; in i.12 hos himation seems to be a doublet of hosei peribolaion. Notice also ii.12 apangelo for diegesomai (perhaps after Ps. xxi.31 f.); iii.9 en dokimasia for edokimasan ( for ) and iii.10 tesserakonta ete; dio prosochthisa for tess. ete prosochth.; x.6 eudokesas for hetesas B, ezetesas 'ART; xii.15 enochle for en chole, a corruption supported even in the LXX. by B*AF*.

In the Epistles, as in the Gospels, the text of the LXX. which is employed inclines to cod. A rather than to cod. B. But its agreement with the A text is not without exception; and these are other elements in the problem which must not be overlooked. As in the Gospels, again, we notice from time to time a preference for Lucianic readings, or for the readings of Theodotion. It has been reasonably conjectured that the writers of the N.T. used a recension which was current in Palestine, possibly also in Asia Minor, and which afterwards supplied materials to Theodotion, and left traces in the Antiochian Bible, and in the text represented by cod. A. We shall revert to this subject in a later chapter; for the present it is enough to notice the direction to which the evidence of the N.T. seems to point.

4. We have dealt so far with direct quotations. But in estimating the influence of the LXX. upon the N. T. it must not be forgotten that it contains almost innumerable references of a less formal character. These are in many cases likely to escape notice, and it is not the least of the debts which we owe to the Westcott and Hort text, that attention is called to them by the use of uncial type. They will be found chiefly (a) in the words of our Lord (e.g. Mt. vii.23 = Lc. xiii.27, Mc. x.21, 35 f. = Lc. xii.52 f., xi.5 = Lc. vii.22, xi.21, 23 = Lc. x.15, 28 f., xiii.32 = Mc. iv.32 = Lc. xiii.19, xvii.17 = Lc. ix.41, xviii.16, xxi.33 = Mc. xii.1 = Lc. xx.9, xxiv.29 ff. = Mc. xiii.24 ff. = Lc. xxi.25 ff., xxiv.39 = Lc. xvii.27, xxvi.64 = Mc. xiv.62 = Lc. xxii.69; Mc. iv.29, vi.23, ix.48, xvi.19; Lc. xii.53, xxi.22, 24, xxiii.30, 46); (b) in the canticles of Lc. i. -- ii.; (c) in St Stephen's speech, and, though more sparsely, in the other speeches of the Acts; (d) in the Epistle of St James and the First Epistle of St Peter; (e) in the Epistles of St Paul; where, though not so numerous as the citations, the allusions to the LXX. are more widely distributed, occurring in 1, 2 Thessalonians, Philippians and Colossians, as well as in the great dogmatic Epistles; (f) in the Epistle to the Hebrews (ii.16, iii.5 f., vi.7 f., 19 f., vii.1 ff., x.29 ff., xi.12 f., 17 f., 28, xii.12 -- 21, xiii.11, 20); and especially (g) in the Apocalypse, where references to the Greek Old Testament abound in every chapter.

5. This summary by no means represents the extent of the influence exerted upon the N.T. by the Alexandrian Version. The careful student of the Gospels and of St Paul is met at every turn by words and phrases which cannot be fully understood without reference to their earlier use in the Greek Old Testament. Books which are not quoted in the N.T., e.g. the non-canonical books of Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus and Maccabees, find echoes there, and not a few of the great theological words which meet us in the Apostolic writings seem to have been prepared for their Christian connotation by employment in the Alexandrian appendix to the Canon . Not the Old Testament only, but the Alexandrian version of the Old Testament, has left its mark on every part of the New Testament, even in chapters and books where it is not directly cited . It is not too much to say that in its literary form and expression the New Testament would have been a widely different book had it been written by authors who knew the Old Testament only in the original, or who knew it in a Greek. version other than that of the LXX.

LITERATURE. F. Junius, Sacrorum Parallelorum libri iii. (Heidelberg, 1588); J. Drusius, Parallela Sacra (Franeker, 1594); H. Hody, De Bibl. textibus, p.243 ff. (Oxford, 1705); W. Surenhusius, sphr hmsych sive biblos katallages (Amsterdam, 1713); H. Owen, Modes of quotation used by the Evangelical writers explained and vindicated (London, 1789); H. Gough, N. T. Quotations (London, 1855); A. Tholuck, Das A. T. in N.T.-erste Beilage (Gotha, 1836); D. M^ cC. Turpie, The Old Testament in the New (London, 1868); The New Testament view of the Old (London, 1872); Kautzsch, De Veteris Testamenti locis a Paulo ap. allegatis (Leipzig, 1869); C. Taylor, The Gospel in the Law (Cambridge, 1869); H. Monnet, Les citations de l'Ancien Testament dans les Épîtres de Saint Paul (Lausanne, 1874); Böhl, Die ATlichen Citate im N.T. (Vienna, 1878); C. H. Toy, Quotations in the New Testament (New York, 1884); E. Hatch, Essays in Biblical Greek, p.131 ff. (Oxford, 1889); W. Staerk, in Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie, xxxv. -- xl.; Bp Lightfoot's Biblical Essays, p.136 ff. (London, 1893); A. Clemen, Der Gebrauch des A.T. in den NTlichen Schriften (Gütersloh, 1895); H. Vollmer, Die ATlichen Citate bei Paulus (Freiburg in B., 1895); J. C. Hawkins, Horae Synopticae, pp.123 ff. (Oxford, 1889); W. Dittmar, Vetus Testamentum in Novo i. (Göttingen, 1899); Th. Zahn, Einleitung in das N.T., ii. p.313 ff., and elsewhere (see Sachregister s. ATliche Citate (Leipzig, 1899); E. Hühn, Die ATlichen Citate and Reminiscenzen im N.T. (Tübingen, 1900). See also the commentaries on particular books of the N.T., e.g. Bp Westcott, Hebrews, p 469 ff.; J. B. Mayor, St James, p. lxviii. ff.; H. B. Swete, St Mark, p. lxx ff.; Apocalypse, p. cxxxix. ff.; G. Milligan, Thessalonians, pp. liv., lviii. f.

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